Analysis The lady with the petdog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis The lady with the petdog - Essay Example Their love is under the test of rationality and the lens of morality. Chekhov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† uses ambiguity, setting, characterization, and realism to suggest that love has no logic, explanation, and morality, but people continue to fight for it because it is the only thing that makes them truly happy. Love has no logic. Chekhov uses ambiguity in language to show that love does not make any sense. Gurov does not find his affairs satisfying in the long run. He just knows that he attracts women enough for them to â€Å"favor† him, including sexually favoring him (Chekhov par.5). These sexual favors are short and sweet, until his heart chooses to favor someone forever. Favor is an ambiguous word, whose final interests are unclear. In the story, favor motivates two married people to prioritize their self-interests, to the risk of breaking the laws of God and man. One more example shows ambiguity. After making love, Anna feels sorry for the affair. Chekhov describes her as a â€Å"Magdalene†¦by an old master† (par.39), perhaps even worse because she is not a prostitute, but she has given her married body to another married person. Her monologue, however, bores Gurov: â€Å"†¦he was irritated by her naive tone, by her repentance, so unexpected and out of place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chekhov par.36). ... Aside from language, characterization enables Chekhov to demonstrate that people may be opposite in many ways, but love can still bind them. Gurov is old and a self-confessed womanizer, while Anna is young and inexperienced with affairs. They seem an unlikely pair, especially when they have some sense of â€Å"fear† for their spouses (Chekhov par.4). They fear them because they are with them, despite the absence of love. Furthermore, Gurov thinks that there is nothing special about him, while Anna finds him as the best kind of man. For Gurov, he is only an old man â€Å"almost twice her age,† but Anna sees him as â€Å"kind, exceptional, high-minded† (Chekhov par.58). Evidently, love has skewed their assessment of true identities. Their love blinded them of the ability to see each other’s worst faults. One of the greatest sources of the irrationality of their love is its depravity. Their affair is wrong but they want to continue anyway, even when at first, they are unsure of what they have. Anna becomes restless and cannot sleep (Chekhov par.52). These are signs of guilt. They are both married, but they are in love with each other, not their spouses. In addition, they are hesitant of what they have, until Anna leaves Gurov. When Anna sees â€Å"dew on the grass† (Chekhov par.49), it represents something new, the dawn of love. The dew is fresh and refreshing. Their love awakens their old grass. But the dew will evaporate at the light of day. The sun is their morality. Their dew is against this morality, and it is illogical to continue it. They are struggling to hide their love, when they can always end it to conclude their miseries (Chekhov par.52). They feel â€Å"dread† (Chekhov par.52) of being caught, being judged. Why suffer these complications? They

Control Of A Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay

Control Of A Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay The main objective of this chapter is to spot the light on the practical performance of some form of control on an actual switched reluctance motor in preference to merely theoretical method including simulation and modelling. Moreover, the design of the controller involves reducing the noise. The crucial motivation for this is to enhance new expertise, sensibly regarding circuit design and construction the use of a Programmable interface controller (PIC). A switched reluctance motor (SRM) has been appeared since the nineteenth century, but the renewal of this motor has been to discover a high-power switched device [13]. The earlier motor was facing a controversial issue in their control where the power electronic switching was very expensive and has many drawbacks. The Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is an electromagnetic, rotary machine in which torque is produced by the tendency of its movable part to move to a position where the inductance of the excited winding is maximized [12]. Furthermore, (SRM) has been proposed for variable speed applications [13]. In general a salient-pole synchronous machine without field excitation or permanent magnet is called a reluctance machine. From the general definition (SRM) is classified as a synchronous machine, but has different construction. These differences are both stator and rotor have salient poles. However, the stator has wound field coils but the rotor has no coils or permanent magnet. Moreover, the stator has higher number of poles or (tooth) than the rotor. While each pole in the rotor is excited by the opposite pole in the stator due to a sequence of current pulses which produce magnetic field on each stator poles. The Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) can be more capable for variable speed than AC and DC motor. Since it is simple, robust, has a high efficiency and high power density [3, 10, 12]. Figure 1.1: two- two poles SRM [12] Over the past 30 years the power electronics growth has made the exploit of the characteristics of reluctance machines sufficiently well. Consequently, several successful products are now manufactured. The rotation of the motor depends on the angle between the rotor poles and the stator poles where the current is switched on or off to each poles in the stator where the position of the rotor is very significant. For the motoring principle example, two- two poles (SRM) where stator has two poles with two wound field coils connected in series and two poles in the rotor without magnets or windings and free to rotate as it shown in figure 1.1. If the rotor poles edge is started to be aligned, the current is switched on. Consequently, the inductance is increased and the torque in the rotor is occurred to pull the rotor in clockwise direction. The direction of the rotation is addressed by the current. The current is switched off; when the rotor poles are fully aligned with the stator poles that make the rotor free to move. However, if the current is not switched off the torque at the fully aligned is become negative that produces an attraction between the poles where the negative torque and positive torque cancel each other [12]. The ideal current waveform is therefore a series of pulses synchronized with the rising inductance intervals. The cycle of torque production associated with one current pulse is called a stroke.[12] As a result, to increase the resolution more teeth can be add to the stator and the rotor. From the instantaneous electromagnet torque equation which was derived by T.J.E.Miller(2001) [12] Te = i2/2 dL/dÃŽÂ ¸ that shows the torque is proportional to the square of the current. Therefore, the current is always unipolar. However, at the end of each stoke the voltage must be reversed to return the flux linkage to zero. The power switching IGBT, GTO and MOSFET or any other switching devices can be used in the power electronic topologies [3]. These switches are used to open and close the exiting power in the stator winding. 1.5. Applications of SRM Since the SRM has a significant characteristic operation and design which shows many advantages and makes them suitable for various applications. R.Krishnan (2001) [10] shows the wide range of applications. For example, plotter drive, air-handler motor drive, hand fork lift/ pallet truck motor drive, door actuator and washers and dryers machine, those applications are low power applications where the drives are less than 3hp. Moreover, the medium power applications range is less than 300kw such as industrial general purpose drive, train air conditioning drive and mining drive. However, the SRM did not find much attention by the manufacturers in this range of power. The high power drives are still under study for drives up to 1000hp for fan and pump applications where the converter is very competitive. The high speed applications such as screw rotary compressor drives, centrifuge for medical applications, and aerospace applications the SRM is a perfect option for them due to the small size of the rotor and high power density. Some efforts of study are in Mild Hybrid Vehicles that is reported by (Watterson, P.A. ; et al) [17] in 2008. 1.6 Research area Since the SRM has appeared and has disadvantages such as reduction of acoustic noise and torque ripple. According to the noise and vibration sources can be classified into four main categories: magnetic, mechanical, aerodynamic, and electronic. The classification was done by R.Krishnan (2001) [10] as it shows in figure 1.2. Most researches are based on the design of the motor or in the controller to improve the motor performers and reduce the noise. Iqbal Husain (1994) [8] discusses the effect of the high ripple toque which causes vibration and acoustic noise. The case was in driving SRM for low speed and high performance applications by a new PWM strategy current control. The method was based on optimum profiling of the phase current during an extended overlapping conduction period of two phases. The result shows a smooth operation with minimum torque pulsations by controlling the current profiling. Moreover, other studies were in magnetic radial force as M. N. Anwar (2000) [1] show s the lower noise is occurred when the dominant mode frequencies is high. As a result the research has experimented a proposed design considerations to a 4-phase, 8/6 (1-repetition) and a 3-phase, 12/8 (2-repetition) 1.0 kW SRM with low acoustic noise requirement. The results of the proposal design shows that the noise level has been reduced; however, a 3-phase SRM is noisier than a 4-phase SRM. There are other research was on reducing the noise by Adding extra winding to the phase winding to reduce magnetic stress during commutations with Two stage power converter. Adding extra winding to the phase winding in 6/4 SRM with Two stage power converter shows a significant improvement in the efficiency and reduce in the vibration and noise [16]. The electronic sources of noise occur by reason of the harmonics of voltage and current. The significant research is reported by (Lecointe J.P; et al) in (2004) [11]. The research was in adding an auxiliary winding to the model of a BDFRM (brus hless doubly-fed reluctance machine) to shows that the additional winding has a benefit in reducing the noise in SRMs where a specially derived current is injected to create a suppression force. The BDFRM is used to analyse the equivalent circuit where the equivalent circuit of the model is similar to SRM. However, the process still needs to be complete using two current sources. Figure 1.2: sources of noise in electrical machines [10] Advantages and disadvantages of 3 basic power electronic circuits There are many power electronic topologies that is used for SRM depends on the machine phase configurations. R. Krishnan (2001) [10], figure 1.3, has classified the power converters for switched reluctance machines. The simple three topologies are: Figure 1.3: Classification of power converters for SRM [10] 1.7.1. Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Split dc supply converter) The basic operation of this topology, figure 1.4, is to split the reverse dc power supply into two capacitors. The phase voltage is half the dc voltage when the switch is on and negative half voltage when the switch is off. Consequently, this configuration is a disadvantage. Moreover, the maximum speed and the output power are half the rated while the current and the voltage are half. This topology is only used for low-cost application due to the high power losses. However, the advantages of this topology are: simple and less cost. [3, 10] Figure 1.4: Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Split dc supply converter) [10] 1.7.2. Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Bifilar type) The basic operation of this topology uses a bifilar winding, figure 1.5, with the motor winding to regenerate the stored energy to the supply that the phase winding is connected in series with the switch, and the diode is connected in series with the bifilar winding. The reflected energy is an advantage for this topology in some applications, where the transistor voltage is much higher than the supply voltage. However, the cost increases as the extra winding is added to the motor and the complex design of the power electronic. Moreover, the power density of the motor reduces because of the bifilar winding. [3,10] Figure 1.5: Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Bifilar type) [10] 1.7.3. Two-switch/phase Asymmetric Bridge Converter From the half bridge topology that is illustrated in figure 1.6. if both Q1 and Q2 are turned on the apply voltage at the winding is equal to the supply voltage. However, if both Q1 and Q2 are turned off the apply voltage at the winding is equal to a negative supply voltage where D1 and D2 to avoid the freewheel currents. The advantages of this topology that it can give a negative voltage to reduce the torque ripple refer to noise for a high performance SRM drive system and it can be used for generator or motor operations. The disadvantages more control is needed, more fault in the switching [3, 10, 12]. Figure 1.6: Two Switched / Phase Asymmetric Bridge Converter [12] 1.8 Speed and Position Controller The switched-reluctance motor is basic control system form of a torque-controlled drive as compared in performance to a D.C motor (separately-excited). Commonly, controlled speed or even position is the most requirements. The SR motors speed increases if torque is still produced. As the D.C. drive the torque of SR motor controller is included within a speed regulating loop. The rotor position sensor, which is the encoder, is used as a feedback to derive the speed of the motor readily as it shown in figure 1.7. From the figure it can be seen that an additional feedback is introduced to achieve the position control of the SRM [3]. Figure 1. 7: basic speed and position controller for SRM [3] Aims and Objectives The aims of the project are to design, build and test a power electronic circuit for Switched Reluctance motor (SRM) using Bifilar type. The objectives are as following: Understand the operation of two- two poles SRM to realise the behavior of the motor and their characteristic. We can know from their characteristic how to make the motor spin and the control techniques that is used for them. Select and Design Power Electronic Circuit can help to active a high efficiency, low noise and low cost. Test Power Electronic Circuit with Resistive Load: to find the advantages and disadvantages of the circuit when the resistive load is applied to the motor. Design, Build and Test current limiting circuit where the current limitation can achieve low torque rebel. From the low torque rebel the noise can be decrease. Rotate motor using direct feedback where the position of the rotor is important to detect the moment of switching on and off. Study and understand PIC 18F 46K20. Program PIC to control SR Motor by designing a simulation using the MATLAB or other programmes. Chapter 2 Choosing power electronic component 2. Overview Over the time motor control has a significant growth in the industrial control where digital signal processors together with external hardware and appropriate software are used widely. In order to control the motor the switching device should switch on and off according to the position of the motor rotor and the apply current to the stator winding. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the details of the components that were used in the controller design. 2.1 Technical operation of Simple SRM The simple SRM has 2 poles in the stator and 2 poles in the rotor, figure 1 which the stator iron core has square shape with two winding in the upper side opposite the poles. Both stator and rotor are salient poles where the free spinning rotor is placed between the stator poles. In order to spin the rotor, stator poles are energised by the winding when the rotor poles are unaligned with stator poles. The inductance increased and the torque is produced as the rotor approaches the aligned. At this point the stator winding is demagnetised allows the rotor free to spin. The time of the energised and de-energised of the motor windings depend on the rotor speed. Figure 2.1: (a) Simple SRM 2/2 poles with bifilar winding[12] 2.3 Winding connections The motor has a bifilar winding to build up the current in the stator quickly, figure 1, which facilitates the higher torque and magnetic flux densities occurring. As a result the stored energy regenerated to the supply that the phase winding is connected in series with the switch device. This leaded to three achievable connections, figure 2, for bifilar winding. Figure 2.2: Possible winding connections The first connection shows the parallel connection that has a resistance connected in parallel to the motor windings to reduce the power losses when the switch is off. This connection has the main disadvantage due to the high loss. The second connection shows series connection that two switching devises are used which increase the cost of the design. However, this topology is the most common one for SRM according to reduce the switching heat losses, protections and their control flexibility that is handling the phase current and the machines acoustic noise. The third connection is the most cost effective and easier to control for the simple SRM figure 2. Moreover, it is offering the zero voltage supply as a reference for all power switching that make it suitable for low- voltage systems. Simply this configuration operates as it shows in figure 2.3, When the current of phase-A is turned off by removing the base drive signal to T1, the induced EMF in the winding is of such polarity that D1 is forward biased. This leads to the circulation of current through D1, the bifilar secondary winding, and the source, thus transferring energy from the machine winding to the source. The various timing waveforms of the circuit are shown in Figure 2.3. During current turn-off, the applied voltage across the bifilar secondary winding is equal to the dc link voltage. The voltage reflected into the main winding is dependent upon the turns ratio of the windings. Considering the turns ratio between the main winding in series with the power switch and the aux iliary winding in series with the diode as a, the voltage across the power switch is VT 1 = Vdc + aVdc =(1 + a)Vdc This shows that the voltage across T1 can be very much greater than the source voltage. One switch per phase comes with a voltage penalty on the switch. The volt ampere (VA) capability of the switch will not be very different for one switch compared to two switches per phase circuit. [10] Figure 2.3: (a) Converter for an SRM with bifilar windings; (b) operational waveforms of bifilar converter. [10] Thus, Figure 4 shows the primary plan for designing the current limiting circuit for the third connection of SRM and each block are explained next. Figure 2.4 basic configurations for current limiting 2.4. Power switching component Nowadays semiconductor and electronic switching devices offer a significant performance to control the electrical motors. Moreover, their size and cost make them more convenient to use in the motor control. The electronic devices has a significant role to control SRM where the switching on and off for the voltage is the major role to control the SRM with high performance. As a result, the main electronic devices that can be used are field effect transistors. There are two types of the field-effect transistor J-FET and MOSFET (see the appendix figure 3) [4]. The MOSFET has taken a widely role as a best choice to the simple SRM for many reasons that is discussed later in this chapter. 2.4.1 N-channel power MOSFET (STP36NF06) Simply the MOSFET is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor where the MSFET has a significant characteristic [2]. The characteristic of N-channel MOSFET shows a significant use in switching. The structures of the MOSFET are shown in figure 5 where the MOSFET consist of Si P material substrate, two N material substrate that one is the source and the other is drain, and between them there is an insulator Sio2 and at the top metal conductor which is known as a gate. The length (L) below the gate and between the source and the drain is known as a channel. Fundamentally, the MOSFET output current is proportional to the charge in the semiconductor material by the control electrode[15]. Figure 5 MSFET structures [6] The MOSFET is used as a switching device to provide a high speed switching. The significant advantages of the field-effect transistor are: Higher operation temperature. Lower switching leakage. High input impedance. Low noise. Lower power dissipation during switching. In addition, The N-channel MOSFET has advantages such as ease to use for high frequency switching and simpler to control where the MOSFET gate drive do not require a continuous current to switch ON. When the MOSFET is needed to switch ON positive threshold voltage is needed to apply to the gate drive and Zero current to completely switch off. Moreover, the N-channel MOSFET has higher density integration and possible in rapid reduction in capacitances. [2]. MOSFET (STP36NF06) gate requires drive properly the later components are used to limit the current and the gate signal for the MOSFET. The gate drive is a power amplifier that accepts a low power input from a controller devices and generate the appropriate high current gate drive for a power MOSFET[4]. 2.5. Bipolar junction Transistor Transistors are considered one of the main elements of semiconductors that have been discovered in modern times. Transistors are used in the amplifiers of electrical signals and electronic switching, which have helped a number of factors such as small size, ease in manufacturing, cost effective and consume less power to extend significantly. Figure 2.6 (a) transistor structures (b) npn and pnp structures 2.5.1. ZTX 653 NPN transistor The NPN transistor is a type of bipolar transistors known as a medium power transistor. The NPN ZTX 653 transistor has interesting features that make it suitable for the push pull topology and amplifier topology (pre totem pole connections). The features of NPN ZTX 653 transistor are [6] * 100 Volt VCEO * 2 Amp continuous current * Low saturation voltage * Ptot=1 Watt 5.5.2. ZTX 753 PNP transistor The PNP transistor is another type of bipolar transistors that is used in the push pull topology. The PNP ZTX 753 transistor is suitable to employ in the push pull topology (Totem Pole) according to their features. Their features are [6] * 100 Volt VCEO * 2 Amp continuous current * Low saturation voltage * Ptot=1 Watt Figure 2.7: npn and pnp characters 2.5.3 Gate drivers (Totem Pole) This type of connection is known as a discrete drivers or push pull drives which is in common use today. Figure 2.8 shows the complimentary arrangement pair bipolar NPN and PNP emitter configuration. Moreover, the N-channel and P-channel MOSFT can be employing for totem pole connection. However, the N-channel and P-channel MOSFT driver suffers from shoot through current, caused by the threshold voltage overlap during ON and OFF transitions, resulting in increased drive power requirements [9]. Figure 2.8: push pull configuration The bipolar Totem Pole, figure 2.8, is non-inverting and offers no voltage gain to improve the pre-driver rise or fall times. It does provide current gain to reduce the driver impedance to speed the charge and discharge of the device capacitances. Once the input capacitances are charged and the power device has been switched, the driver does not require holding current. It has medium speed and does not perform well at higher conversion frequencies [9]. This circuit uses a complementary pair of transistors similar betas and power rating one is an npn power Darlington, and the other is a pnp power Darlington. When a high voltage (e.g., +15 V) is applied to the input, the upper transistor (npn) conducts, allowing current to pass from the positive supply through the motor and into ground. If a low voltage (0 V) is applied to the input, the lower transistor (pnp) conducts, allowing current to pass through the MOSFET gate from ground into the negative supply terminal.[14] 2.5.4. Common emitter amplifier (inverter) This configuration is a simple electronic circuit that is used to boost and invert the low signal. Figure 2.9 shows the circuit that contain a high resistance value with NPN transistor. The low signal is switch on and off the transistor where the resistance is limiting the current that apply to the transistor. This topology is used to boost and invert the output of signal processing unit to appropriate the signal that can switch the MOSFET as it will be discussed in the following point. Figure 2.9 common emitter configuration 2.6. Current control and limiting The winding current is controlled inorder to be not more than 8A. When the MOSFET is switched ON without any current limiting circuit, the current shoots up without any control. As a result, the technique for current limiting is arranged as follows When the winding current is less than 8A the MOSFET switches ON. When the winding current is exceeds 8A the MOSFET switches OFF. Therefore for appropriate current control, square wave signal is applied to the gate of the MOSFET. The frequency of input signal at the gate of the MOSFET is take into account to make the MOSFET switch properly with regard to the above current control arrangement. In order to do that feedback from the source of the MOSFET is carried to non-inverting terminal of the comparator. Figure 10 shows the operational waveform of the MOSFET. It can be seen that, the MOSFET needs to switch off when the voltage at inverting input of the comparator reaches 0.8V and switch on when the voltage is zero. Moreover, the reference voltage is 0.8 volt from the voltage divider law when a 0.1ÃŽÂ © resistance is connected to the source of the MOSFET. The 555 timer can offer the control of MOSFETs switching frequency. Figure 2.10: the expected waveforms from the design. 2.6.1 Timer NE555P The 555 timer IC is an incredibly useful precision timer that can act as either a timer or an oscillator. In timer mode is known as monostable mode the 555 simply acts as a one-shot timer; when a trigger voltage is applied to its trigger lead, the chips output goes from low to high for a duration set by an external RC circuit. In oscillator mode is known as astable mode the 555 acts as a rectangular-wave generator whose output waveform (low duration, high duration, frequency, etc.) can be adjusted by means of two external RC charge/discharge circuits.[14] In this project the monstable circuit is highlighted due to it has one stable state. Figure 2.11 (a) monostable configuration of timer 555 (b) monostable operations[14] In the monostable configuration, figure 2.11(before a trigger pulse is applied) the 555s output is low, while the discharge transistor in on, shorting pin 7 to ground and keeping C discharged. Also, pin 2 is normally held high by the 10-k pull-up resistor. Now, when a negative-going trigger pulse (less than 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3VCC) is applied to pin 2, comparator 2 is forced high, which sets the flip-flops Q_ to low, making the output high (due to the inverting buffer), while turning off the discharge transistor. This allows C to charge up via R1 from 0 V toward VCC. However, when the voltage across the capacitor reaches 2à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3VCC, comparator 1s output goes high, resetting the flip-flop and making the output low, while turning on the discharge transistor, allowing the capacitor to quickly discharge toward 0 V. The output will be held in this stable state (low) until another trigger is applied [14]. According to the operation of the monstable the pulse width can be modified by changing the value of R1 and C. T= 1.11 R1C Thus, to obtain capable functioning of the circuit the variable resistance R1 with a maximum value 100KÃŽÂ © and the threshold capacitance C value is 100nf are chosen. The timer input is the output of the comparator where the two values of the voltage are compared to make the output of the timer based on these two values. The two voltages are one is 5V and the other is the feedback from the MOSFETs source. 2.6.2. (LM393) Comparator The comparator is used to compare the voltage between the source voltage and the feedback from the MOSFET. This is important to control the current by triggering the timer to limit the current as it is mentioned before. LM393 has several advantages for timer input which are Higher accuracy in comparators. High voltage range (2.0V to 36V) Biasing with lower input current. Lower input offset current  ±5 nA Figure 2.12 LM393 connections to the circuit In order to establish the reference voltage variable resistance is required in the voltage dividers law. The operation of the comparator is simply as follows If IN+ > IN- the comparator output = V8. If IN+ From the previous operation it can be seen that the comparator send the signal to trigger the input of the timer and the timer acts upon the applied signal therefore the MOSFET switches on and off with regard to the timer output. However, the output of the timer switches on the MOSFET when the current is high which will be disastrous to the motor. To avoid this not to happen, a design of logic gates are incorporated in the current limiting topology of the SRM. 2.6. 3. Logic gate design (SN74LS00N) Logic gate is designed according to the output of the timer which gives the positive pulses when the current exceeds to 8A and no pulse when the current is less than 8A. With the purpose of switch (totem pole) the gate of the MOSFET turns on and off at required instants of time using an external Drive Signal. Figure 2.13 shows the technique of the combination between the Drive Signal and the timer output to control the MOSFET. SN74LS00N has four NAND gates that can be used to reduce the number of ICs in PCB connection. The logic gate is connected to the timer output which will be inverted with a common emitter configuration to switch on the MOSFET when the timer output is low (Itimer Figure 2.13: (a) SN74LS00N chip (b) logic circuit connection (c) NAND gate logic signal. The MOSFET behaviour that is need according to the timer output is shown in table 1. To do that the NOT gate, OR gate and AND gate are needed before the pre totem pole connections (common ammeter topology). Current condition Timer(A) Drive Signal(B) Output of the logic gate (C) MOSFET gate signal (Output after totem pole) I > 8A MOSFET must be off 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 I MOSFET can be on 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Table 2.1 digital signal behaviour Boolean algebra From the logic gate output we can get the function: (1) This function can be simplified (2) Figure 2.14 (a) logic gate from equation 2 (b) table shows the equavelant NAND gates [7](c) the final simblified gates using the table (b) 2.7 Curant limiting circuit simulation Curent limiting circuit ,figure 2.15 , is the simulation circuit and the combination of each part that discussed previously. Figure 2.15: current limiting circuit

gideon v wainright :: essays research papers

GIDEON v. WAINWRIGHT_______________________________________________ 372 U.S. 335 (1975) FACTS: Gideon, the petitioner, was charged in a Florida State Court for breaking and entering into a poolroom with the intent to commit a misdemeanor. This is a felony under Florida State Law. Due to lack of funds, he asked the court to appoint counsel for him and was denied. The court stated that under Florida state law, counsel could only be appointed to represent a defendant when that person is charged with a capital offense. Gideon unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, which resulted in a verdict of guilty. He was sentenced to five years in state prison. Gideon then filed in the Florida Supreme Court this habeas corpus petition (A judicial mandate ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned unlawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody. The petition is brought by a person who objects to his own or another’s detention or imprisonment). He alleged that the courts refusal to appoint counsel for him violated his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment. In Federal Court, counsel must be appointed to an indigent defendant unless otherwise waived. The Florida Supreme Court denied relief. The United States Supreme Court (USSC) granted certiorari, which gives them the authority to review the case. The court relies on the decision in Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455. Betts was indicted for robbery in a Maryland State Court. He asked the court to appoint counsel for him and was denied. He was found guilty by the judge, sitting without a jury, and sentenced to eight years in prison. The court in Betts held that the Sixth Amendment was not a fundamental right and therefore was not applicable in State Courts under the Fourteenth Amendment. ISSUE: Whether right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment is applicable in state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment depends on whether the right to counsel is considered to be a fundamental right and essential to a fair trial. HOLDING: Here, the USSC overturned the decision in Betts v. Brady and held that appointment of counsel to defendant’s in all criminal prosecutions in federal court, may also be applied to defendant’s in state court under the Fourteenth Amendment. REASONING: Many prior USSC decisions have held that assistance of counsel is one of the safeguards of the Sixth Amendment and is deemed necessary to ensure fundamental rights of life and liberty.

Betrayal in Hamlet

It is said that â€Å"To be betrayed by ones own blood is unforgivable and one must get revenge. † Betrayal plays a very important role in the Shakespeare's play, Hamlet. Throughout the play, Hamlet is betrayed by his own mother, Gertrude. She betrays her son and her late-husband, the king by immediately marrying Claudius, the king's own brother. Hamlets girlfriend, the lady Ophelia, even breaks the heart of the prince and deludes him. Even Hamlet betrays several people: he misleads Horatio, his friend. He betrays Ophelia by convincing her that he does not love her.Finally, King Claudius betrays his brother, the late king, by murdering him, marrying his wife, and taking his crown. Also betraying Hamlet and Gertrude. Hamlets mother Gertrude betrays her first husband, the first king of Denmark. This betrayal comes in the form of a hasty marriage to the king’s brother Claudius, who we find out later murdered his brother in an attempt to acquire the crown. This is an act of betrayal on Gertrude’s part, because she should be in mourning of the her first husband’s death, but she immediately enters another marriage, with the kings brother.This is a betrayal to Hamlet because his father was killed, and his mother soon marries the man who we find out is responsible for it. We find out that Claudius killed his brother and Hamlets father with poison, we find this out when Hamlet is visited by a ghost in which Horatio cannot identify but shows itself to Hamlet as his father, it is at this time that the ghost tells Hamlet how he really died and who was responsible . When Hamlet learns of this news, he is enraged with the news and he begins looking to get revenge on the murderer Claudius.Hamlet throughout the play begins to doubt his sanity and if he should kill his uncle Claudius or himself â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † (Hamlet), this is an act of betrayal on Hamlets part. As much as Ophelia really loves and cares about Hamlet, she betrays his trust. This was not all her own doing, she was influenced by others around her. She betrays his trust by co-operating in her father's scheme to spy on Hamlet for the king. Ophelia betrays Hamlet because Laerates and Polonius were worldly wise and poisoned her mind.Whenever Hamlet comes nearer to her, she remains silent and then discloses all to her father whatever happened. Simultaneously Hamlet’s behavior is very strange. He is depressed and abhorred his life. The world to him was weary, stale, flat and unprofitable. I believe that Ophelia really loves Hamlet and did not want to do this to him but she didn’t want to betray her brother and father, Laertes and Polonius. Claudius is an extremely shady character. Claudius killed his brother by pouring posion into his ear. He would’ve gotten away with it, if it wasn’t for his brothers ghost.Claudius then quickly married Gertrude and became king. Hamlet knows none of this however, yet already despises his mother and step-father/uncle. In scene 2, Claudius gives a very sly speech, avoiding the fact that he is in the middle of a very incestuous relationship. Claudius tries to beat around the bush and not really explain anything about his marriage to Gertrude. No one questions him because he is King, but the people are not happy about this situation anyway. Claudius’s slick nature somewhat surfaces when he is speaking to Hamlet also.He is obviously uncomfortable with the fact that Hamlet is still mourning the death of his father and almost seems to bully him to stop. Claudius, of course, seems to say this with a face full of smiles as if politely correcting Hamlet, but it seems obvious that he is downright afraid of what Hamlet could do if he discovered the truth. Keeping his enemies close seems to be his plan. Not only will Claudius be able to keep his eye on Hamlet, but he can be sure that Hamlet won’t be able to rise up against him if he stays. Claudius has much to lose if anyone finds out his terrible secret—that he killed the King, his brother.The main characters that betrayed others were Gertrude, Claudius, and Ophelia. Gertrude betrays her late husband, and her son Hamlet by marrying Claudius. Claudius betrays his brother by murdering him, taking his crown, and marrying his wife. Finally, Ophelia betrays Hamlet by listening to her brother and reporting Hamlets actions back to her father. Betrayal plays a huge role in William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet. Pretty much every character betrays someone and is betrayed by somebody. Some may say that the characters actions were justifiable but I feel like they were all wrong.

Deception Point Page 33

â€Å"Advanced stages of lymphoma,† the doctors explained. â€Å"Rare in people her age, but certainly not unheard of.† Celia and Tolland visited countless clinics and hospitals, consulting with specialists. The answer was always the same. Incurable. I will not accept that! Tolland immediately quit his job at Scripps Institute, forgot all about the NBC documentary, and focused all of his energy and love on helping Celia get well. She fought hard too, bearing the pain with a grace that only made him love her more. He took her for long walks on Kingman Beach, made her healthy meals, and told her stories of the things they would do when she got better. But it was not to be. Only seven months had passed when Michael Tolland found himself sitting beside his dying wife in a stark hospital ward. He no longer recognized her face. The savageness of the cancer was rivaled only by the brutality of the chemotherapy. She was left a ravaged skeleton. The final hours were the hardest. â€Å"Michael,† she said, her voice raspy. â€Å"It's time to let go.† â€Å"I can't.† Tolland's eyes welled. â€Å"You're a survivor,† Celia said. â€Å"You have to be. Promise me you'll find another love.† â€Å"I'll never want another.† Tolland meant it. â€Å"You'll have to learn.† Celia died on a crystal clear Sunday morning in June. Michael Tolland felt like a ship torn from its moorings and thrown adrift in a raging sea, his compass smashed. For weeks he spun out of control. Friends tried to help, but his pride could not bear their pity. You have a choice to make, he finally realized. Work or die. Hardening his resolve, Tolland threw himself back into Amazing Seas. The program quite literally saved his life. In the four years that followed, Tolland's show took off. Despite the matchmaking efforts of his friends, Tolland endured only a handful of dates. All were fiascos or mutual disappointments, so Tolland finally gave up and blamed his busy travel schedule for his lack of social life. His best friends knew better, though; Michael Tolland simply was not ready. The meteorite extraction pit loomed before Tolland now, pulling him from his painful reverie. He shook off the chill of his memories and approached the opening. In the darkened dome, the melt water in the hole had taken on an almost surreal and magical beauty. The surface of the pool was shimmering like a moonlit pond. Tolland's eyes were drawn to specks of light on the top layer of the water, as if someone had sprinkled blue-green sparkles onto the surface. He stared a long moment at the shimmering. Something about it seemed peculiar. At first glance, he thought the gleaming water was simply reflecting the glow of the spotlights from across the dome. Now he saw this was not the case at all. The shimmers possessed a greenish tint and seemed to pulse in a rhythm, as if the surface of the water were alive, illuminating itself from within. Unsettled, Tolland stepped beyond the pylons for a closer look. Across the habisphere, Rachel Sexton exited the PSC trailer into darkness. She paused a moment, disoriented by the shadowy vault around her. The habisphere was now a gaping cavern, lit only by incidental effulgence radiating out from the stark media lights against the north wall. Unnerved by the darkness around her, she headed instinctively for the illuminated press area. Rachel felt pleased with the outcome of her briefing of the White House staff. Once she'd recovered from the President's little stunt, she'd smoothly conveyed everything she knew about the meteorite. As she spoke, she watched the expressions on the faces of the President's staff go from incredulous shock, to hopeful belief, and finally to awestruck acceptance. â€Å"Extraterrestrial life?† she had heard one of them exclaim. â€Å"Do you know what that means?† â€Å"Yes,† another replied. â€Å"It means we're going to win this election.† As Rachel approached the dramatic press area, she imagined the impending announcement and couldn't help but wonder if her father really deserved the presidential steamroller that was about to blindside him, crushing his campaign in a single blow. The answer, of course, was yes. Whenever Rachel Sexton felt any soft spot for her father, all she had to do was remember her mother. Katherine Sexton. The pain and shame Sedgewick Sexton had brought on her was reprehensible†¦ coming home late every night, looking smug and smelling of perfume. The feigned religious zeal her father hid behind-all the while lying and cheating, knowing Katherine would never leave him. Yes, she decided, Senator Sexton was about to get exactly what he deserved. The crowd in the press area was jovial. Everyone held beers. Rachel moved through the crowd feeling like a coed at a frat party. She wondered where Michael Tolland had gone. Corky Marlinson materialized beside her. â€Å"Looking for Mike?† Rachel startled. â€Å"Well†¦ no†¦ sort of.† Corky shook his head in disgust. â€Å"I knew it. Mike just left. I think he was headed back to go grab a few winks.† Corky squinted across the dusky dome. â€Å"Although it looks like you can still catch him.† He gave her a puggish smile and pointed. â€Å"Mike becomes mesmerized every time he sees water.† Rachel followed Corky's outstretched finger toward the center of the dome, where the silhouette of Michael Tolland stood, gazing down into the water in the extraction pit. â€Å"What's he doing?† she asked. â€Å"That's kind of dangerous over there.† Corky grinned. â€Å"Probably taking a leak. Let's go push him.† Rachel and Corky crossed the darkened dome toward the extraction pit. As they drew close to Michael Tolland, Corky called out. â€Å"Hey, aqua man! Forget your swimsuit?† Tolland turned. Even in the dimness, Rachel could see his expression was uncharacteristically grave. His face looked oddly illuminated, as if he were being lit from below. â€Å"Everything okay, Mike?† she asked. â€Å"Not exactly.† Tolland pointed into the water. Corky stepped over the pylons and joined Tolland at the edge of the shaft. Corky's mood seemed to cool instantly when he looked in the water. Rachel joined them, stepping past the pylons to the edge of the pit. When she peered into the hole, she was surprised to see specks of blue-green light shimmering on the surface. Like neon dust particles floating in the water. They seemed to be pulsating green. The effect was beautiful. Tolland picked up a shard of ice off the glacial floor and tossed it into the water. The water phosphoresced at the point of impact, glowing with a sudden green splash. â€Å"Mike,† Corky said, looking uneasy, â€Å"please tell me you know what that is.† Tolland frowned. â€Å"I know exactly what this is. My question is, what the hell is it doing here?† 39 â€Å"We've got flagellates,† Tolland said, staring into the luminescent water. â€Å"Flatulence?† Corky scowled. â€Å"Speak for yourself.† Rachel sensed Michael Tolland was in no joking mood. â€Å"I don't know how it could have happened,† Tolland said, â€Å"but somehow this water contains bioluminescent dinoflagellates.† â€Å"Bioluminescent what?† Rachel said. Speak English. â€Å"Monocelled plankton capable of oxidizing a luminescent catalyst called luceferin.† That was English? Tolland exhaled and turned to his friend. â€Å"Corky, there any chance the meteorite we pulled out of that hole had living organisms on it?† Corky burst out laughing. â€Å"Mike, be serious!† â€Å"I am serious.† â€Å"No chance, Mike! Believe me, if NASA had any inkling whatsoever that there were extraterrestrial organisms living on that rock, you can be damn sure they never would have extracted it into the open air.†

How to Perform the Dancing Gummi Bear Demonstration

How to Perform the Dancing Gummi Bear Demonstration Place a Gummi Bear candy into a test tube containing potassium chlorate and watch it dance amidst purple flames. This stunning demonstration is an example of a strongly product-favored reaction, plus its a lot of fun. Its easy and takes no time at all. What You Need Gummi bear candyPotassium chlorateLarge test tubeRing standBunsen burner or other heat sourceTongs Here's How Set up a large test tube over a heat source, such as a bunsen burner. Add a small amount of potassium chlorate to the test tube and heat it until it melts. The exact amount isnt important... aim for a small scoop.Using long-handled tongs, drop a Gummi Bear candy into the test tube.Its just that simple! The reaction between the sucrose in the Gummi Bears, potassium chlorate, and oxygen produces carbon dioxide, water, and potassium chloride. Tips Use proper safety precautions, including safety goggles and a lab coat. Be advised, the reaction is vigorous enough that the test tube may shatter. Adult supervision is required.The Instant Fire demonstration is very similar to the Dancing Gummi Bear demo.Another way to do this demonstration is to set the Gummi Bear on top of cold potassium chlorate. When you are ready to start the reaction, it can be initiated by adding a couple of drops of sulfuric acid to the contents of the test tube.

Lakota essays

Lakota essays The Lakota/Dakota/Nakota Nation is also known as the Great Sioux Nation. The word Sioux was adopted by the United States government from the term (Nadowesioux), which comes from a Chippewa (Ojibwa) word which means little threatened snake or enemy. This was because the Ojibwa or Chippewa learned to respect and fear the respective territories and hunting and fishing grounds set in place by the Sioux. The people of the Sioux Nation refer to themselves as Lakota or Dakota which means friend or ally. The French traders and trappers who worked with the Chippewa Ojibwa people latter shortened the word to Sioux. The Black Hills are a sacred land to the Lakota and are located in the center the Great Sioux Nation. The Black Hills are spiritually connected to the Lakota/ Dakota people and are now considered an important part of their sacred lives. The 7th Cavalry led by General George A. Custer entered the Black Hills in violation of an 1868 treaty, the center of the Great Sioux Nation and discovered gold. This was the catalyst that sparked The Gold Rush in the Black Hills opening the conflict between the United States and Great Sioux Nation. The United States Government recognizing the value of the land wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people. The Great Sioux Nation refused to sell or rent their sacred lands. They believed that this land was given to them by the (White Buffalo Women) and that they had always been a part of the Black hills. This did not stop the United States from moving forward to seize the land. General George Custer was assigned the task of relocating the Lakota onto constricting reservation lands that had very little use and lacked substantial natural resources. This is the premise for one of the more famous Indian battles known as the Battle of the Little Big Horn, one of the great blunders of the military. General George Custer full of bravado greatly underestimated his adversaries result...

The Old Man and the Sea Questions for Discussion

The Old Man and the Sea Questions for Discussion Written by Ernest Hemingway,  The Old Man and the Sea is a famous novel about man versus nature and the determined struggle against inevitable aging and death. While Hemingway is known to be the master of brevity, his concise works also are much more complex than they would first appear, and  The Old Man and the Sea  is no exception. A literary classic, this novel is a great pick for a book club and a part of many schools curriculum. Here are questions related to The Old Man and the Sea that will get the discussion going.   Start From The Top: What is important about the title?   Plot Development: What are the conflicts in The Old Man and the Sea? Would you describe them in terms of physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional conflict?How does Ernest Hemingway reveal character in the novel? Symbolism: What are important themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some of the symbols in the novel, and what do they represent?How universalare the ideas in  The Old Man and the Sea?  Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? How realistic is the story?Where does The Old Man and the Sea take place? Is the setting important to the ideas in this book? Whats Your Opinion? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

Claims that management's pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness have Essay

Claims that management's pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness have been at the expense of labour's welfare are not valid - Essay Example Only then, they might become motivated towards the responsibilities of work, thereby enhancing the profit margin and revenue of the organization. Therefore, the success of the organization might prove effective for the management or the employer to meet the goals and aims in long run. As a result, the sustainability and competitiveness of the organization might remain in the market among other rivals. Hence, it may be depicted that the free flowing of an organization would only be possible with the combined effort of both employee and employer. Arguments Theories and Concepts that highlights that employee welfare is essential Labour welfare is one of the most vital facets of an organization without which an organization may not prosper in long run. According to Phipps (2011), labour welfare is described as the measures that should be adopted by the management of an organization for the achievement of the physical, social, psychological and general needs of the employees. It might hel p to improve the dedication level of the employees towards their working responsibilities and duties. Along with this, it might also help in improvement of the economic condition of the worker resulting in amplification of stability and consistency. Apart from this, it also helps in reduction of rate of absenteeism thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the workers. Therefore, it might be clearly stated from the above mentioned points that labour welfare is essential for the organizational improvement and up-gradation (Phipps, 2011). This fact may be clearly highlighted with the help of the theories stated below: Philanthropic Theory Waddell, Jones & George (2011), Philanthropic theory is entirely a benevolent approach that means ‘to help others’. According to this theory, it is the duty of an individual to help others so that they might get all their basic needs such as food, water, shelter, clothes and others. It is done entirely from the internal urge of a human being to remove the sufferings of others. Similarly, it is the duty of the managers of an organization to help the employees with better working conditions, shelter, clothes, food and wages. This might offer a positive impact over the employees thereby enhancing their moral and loyalty towards the organization and work. Due to which, the performance of work and devotion might increase resulting in fulfilment of the goals and aims of the organization (Waddell, Jones & George, 2011). Paternalistic or Trusteeship theory This theory states that the management or the higher-authority of an organization is entirely responsible for the profits and assets of the enterprise. He or she is regarded as the trustee of the organization. So, it is the duty of the management or manager of the organization is to provide some amount of fund or profit for the development or well-being of the employees in a continuous process. Only then, the economic condition and position of the employees o f the organization might become better resulting in improvement of the motivation power and morale significantly. Along with this, it might also prove effective for the organization in attainment of its goals in future era (Phipps, 2011). So, employee welfare is surely a duty of managers. Placating Theory Caldari, 2011 offers high attention over this theory of Placating. According to the author, in recent age maximum extents of the

Explore a career area, which you are interested in pursuing and Research Paper

Explore a career area, which you are interested in pursuing and the area on the internet via search engines - Research Paper Example I would like to study business administration to eventually become a manager. Studying business administration is a four year commitment at the undergraduate level and two extra years at the graduate level to earn an MBA degree. Students that want to reach the managerial level should study an MBA in order to increase their chances of reaching the managerial ranks. The best thing about studying business administration is that it opens up the doors towards doing many things in the world. A person that graduates from business administration can work either in the private or public industries. There are plenty of governmental jobs available for business administration graduates. In the United States there are hundreds of thousands of business establishments. These establishments whether they are small, medium, or large size needs a person or persons to manage the business. Another alternative that business administration graduates have is to become an entrepreneur and establish your own business. A person that chooses to study business administration has a good economic future ahead for themselves. The average salary for a manager in the United States is $63,000 a year (Indeed). It takes a lot of commitment and sacrifice to work as a manager. In the managerial field 10 to 12 hour work days are typical of the profession. Managers are exempt employees that get paid on salary basis, thus overtime pay based on hourly rates does not apply. Managers are offered excellent compensation packages that include perks such as bonuses, stock options, car allowance, dental plan, and medical plan among others. Managers working in multinational corporations often travel to other locations. The managerial field is an exciting career that offers workers to opportunity to work in different business industries. When a person is studying in college they must take advantage of the opportunity to expand their horizons. Participating

Simmons Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Simmons Case Study - Essay Example Other than one of it's plants, they were all run military style, turnover was high and it appeared to no one was very happy to be coming to work and even more important the managers had no sense of responsibility for their staff other then to drive them in their jobs. The economy had turned sour after 911 and their competitors were beginning to do somewhat better. To top it all, they had lost good contact with customers and with suppliers and had just instituted a bad set of foam that made their mattresses smell bad. In this atmosphere, their CEO wanted to institute a training program that was very expensive and very innovative. When money is tight, it is most difficult to think about pushing forward into something new, especially if you are at the helm, the CEO. On the average, during a recession the employees are at their lowest moral and the worth of an excellent leader becomes more important than ever. According to Leb (2009), there are many things that the leader must be able to do and certainly the ability to do and one of those is to inspire those who are employed by him. In support of innovation during hard times is a survey done by Bloomberg Business Week (2009), in which they surveyed CEO's that had put in place new and innovative programs during hard times in the economy and in their companies. ... It is easy for the leadership of an organization to throw up their hands, similar to the employees, and say "there is just nothing we can do right now" and ride it out. The biggest problem with that kind of attitude is the fact that someone will pull out of head while you are waiting. In evaluating whether this should happen, a couple of things came to mind. Simmons believes in CHOICES which is the caring, history, opportunity, innovation, customers, empowerment, and support. The culture of the company does not provide for this belief. Only one plant in the several has managed to accomplish this kind of atmosphere, therefore, they need to change their values and cultural beliefs or the way they do things. The other is ethical beliefs of fairness, respect, integrity, and fostering growth and development in others. Under the present organizations culture, none of these things are happening at the level of the employees as the present managerial group continues to run the company like a dictatorship and employees are generally very unhappy (Casciaro & Edmondson, 2007). The main objectives of GGOL were to help people understand what their full potential at work might be. Their philosophy was that "profitable organizational growth is a result of satisfied and loyal customers; a committed, cooperative, and creative organizational culture; and a leadership team that empowers and serves the workforce." After seeing the video, it became obvious that this is built from the individual up, not the other way. Employees must understand where they fit in and how to interact without fear and with trust, in order to improve the processes that would lead to

Business Environment and Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Environment and Public Policy - Essay Example Apart from these emissions, man's industries also went ahead towards emission of various other gases that resulted in decreasing ozone layer and the protection built that nature has built around the earth. The natural causes that encouraged life on earth were getting destroyed by these artificial sources. Global Warming is a much talked about topic, discussed in many international and national forums, so much so that people have come to accept it as a part of life which is very dangerous. The effects of global warming is still in the laboratory; so is the cause of global warming and the extent to which it will affect human life and the environment. This paper tries to explore the various effects, the lobby that has helped to build up the needed hype to draw attention to the issues. Finally, we also analyze the reasons behind the Global Warming and the methods to counter it and the need to counter it (Global Warming, 1999).. Global Warming is due to what is known as the Green House effect. The green house effect occurs because of the reason that the emitted carbon monoxide and the associated gases that are hot rise to the top of the atmosphere and do not allow the heat of the earth to radiate and lose itself. This results in the green house effect and the global warming. There are a number of contributors to the green house effect. ... More and more work is being done and research carried out to say yes or no on the issue of global warming. But it is very true that there are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions that are affecting the atmosphere and its constituents. The global warming is observed by some of the indicators listed below. 1. Diseases. With an increase in temperature, the bacteria and the virus seem to be breeding themselves out. This would increase the outbreak of various diseases new and old. An increased number of disease outbreak would also indicate an increased temperature in the air. 2. Early arrival of spring, heavy rains, floods and snowfall are all considered as a result of global warming. 3. Droughts at other places and forest fires that devastate vast extents of forest areas. 4. Bleaching of coral reef, sudden change in animal population and change in their range of operation. All these point to a rise in temperature in the atmosphere leading to a global warming. There are also people who provide an opposite view of the global warming. According to them, (Consumer Alert, 2000) there are evidences that would substantiate their claims that there are no noticeable Global Warming or something that mankind should be working overtime on (Jason Lee Steorts, 2006). 1. Temperature of the atmosphere has been measured using the satellite navigational temperature measuring meters which resulted in noting that there are no significant raise in the temperature in the last 18 years. There is no global warming as is being portrayed. 2. Nearly 98% of the gases that are emitted and that cause green house effect are not effluents of the industries or manufacturing. They are mostly natural sources mostly water vapor that contribute to the greenhouse

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Eassy - Essay Example Put differently, incidences of sexual and high-risk drinking behaviors have been in the time immemorial become preeminently prevalent particularly among sorority and fraternity members as opposed to other students in the campuses. In opposition to doing away with Greek life henceforth, only smaller colleges have resorted to doing away with sorority; a concept whose eligibility is in questionable doubt. This paper, therefore, explains the misunderstandings and misconceptions surrounding fraternities and sororities ban in colleges. Doing away with Greek life completely becomes a complex attribute towards the limitations of college student’s freedoms and rights. Therefore, can Greek life be done away with completely? Or are there potentially unintended or intended consequence engulfed in between the ban of Greek life in colleges? Various small liberal arts college campuses have actually made the move of mitigating Greek life in their institutions. Larger colleges, on the other hand, have contradictorily failed to reject Greek life; fraternities and sororities are powerful social life determinants of these organizations. Banning fraternities and sororities in colleges is, therefore, complex in nature because of cultural diversity in this institutions and their primary concern as institutions in relation to socialization processes. Banning fraternities in colleges and its impossibilities: There is cordially the risk that if colleges crap off fraternities, then this vice will form an own house outside campuses. Fraternities and sororities are still evident in campuses, and have gained strong roots in the modern campuses more than the olden exhibition of fraternities and sororities (Lee & William 121). Exhibiting sororities currently, as a way of social life, is rhetorical thus needs no answer from anybody. Actually, the rhetorical and assumption nature of fraternities and sororities is evident in the higher education systems such as the

Exxon Mobil Financial Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exxon Mobil Financial Report - Research Paper Example The scale in which the company operates provides it with the advantage of leveraging its size into projects considered to be too capital intensive by smaller companies. This serves to reduce the amount of competition that the company faces, in a time when more companies have joined the global gas and oil industry and are making in-roads into perennial and emerging markets (ExxonMobil, n.d.). The company is fully integrated, making it able to leverage its activities in gas and oil explorations in periods when the prices of oil are advantageous. Exxon Mobil can also focus on its downstream activities when the prices of oil are low. The ability of this organization to diversify has helped it in many ways, considering the fact that the gas and oil industry is cyclical (Elliot & Elliot. J, 2008).The organization has maintained a constant average rate of growth in revenue of 7.73% from 2003 to 2012. In the year 2012, Exxon Mobil had its revenue at more than $482 billion, with earnings comi ng to $44.9 billion in the same year. The gas and oil company operates at high levels, maintaining the highest standards of safety in the industry. Evidence of this is the low number of accident incidents at the organization. In terms of returns on employed capital, Exxon Mobil is way ahead of its competitors. The company continues to reinvest in its business. Exxon Mobil has a plan to start up 31 major projects between 2012 and 2017, increasing its chances of maintaining its highly profitable status for the future. Â  

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Eassy - Essay Example Put differently, incidences of sexual and high-risk drinking behaviors have been in the time immemorial become preeminently prevalent particularly among sorority and fraternity members as opposed to other students in the campuses. In opposition to doing away with Greek life henceforth, only smaller colleges have resorted to doing away with sorority; a concept whose eligibility is in questionable doubt. This paper, therefore, explains the misunderstandings and misconceptions surrounding fraternities and sororities ban in colleges. Doing away with Greek life completely becomes a complex attribute towards the limitations of college student’s freedoms and rights. Therefore, can Greek life be done away with completely? Or are there potentially unintended or intended consequence engulfed in between the ban of Greek life in colleges? Various small liberal arts college campuses have actually made the move of mitigating Greek life in their institutions. Larger colleges, on the other hand, have contradictorily failed to reject Greek life; fraternities and sororities are powerful social life determinants of these organizations. Banning fraternities and sororities in colleges is, therefore, complex in nature because of cultural diversity in this institutions and their primary concern as institutions in relation to socialization processes. Banning fraternities in colleges and its impossibilities: There is cordially the risk that if colleges crap off fraternities, then this vice will form an own house outside campuses. Fraternities and sororities are still evident in campuses, and have gained strong roots in the modern campuses more than the olden exhibition of fraternities and sororities (Lee & William 121). Exhibiting sororities currently, as a way of social life, is rhetorical thus needs no answer from anybody. Actually, the rhetorical and assumption nature of fraternities and sororities is evident in the higher education systems such as the

Research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research method - Essay Example x = ? and ?x = ? * sqrt(1/n - 1/N ) Basing on the mathematical expressions above, it is possible to specify the sampling distribution of the mean unless two conditions are met. First, when the population is said to be normally distributed or otherwise if the sample size is said to be sufficiently large. Secondly, the standard population of the population is known. In this problem, the two conditions are met and, therefore, given the standard deviations, and the means of the five samples given, the mean of the population can be calculated through averaging the sample means. This can be accomplished mathematically, as the population mean = (80934 + 78110.48 + 80,340 + 84716.5)/5 = 64,890.196 $. In a sampling distribution of means, the populations mean (?) has been found to always equal to the sampling distribution (?x) mean. ... From the initial knowledge the standard error of the distribution becomes ?x = ? = 64,890.196$. It is also possible to use the relation ?x = ? * sqrt( 1/n - 1/N to find the standard error of the sampling distribution becomes, which is given by 2943.22 x 0.00137 = 4.03733. Given that the sampling distribution of the mean has been shown to be normally distributed, with a mean of 64,890.196, and the standard error of 4. 03733, in order find the probability that this revenue shall exceed $ 2,2200,000, we shall make use of an online normal distribution calculator. Fitting the these values into a distribution calculator, probability is found to be 0.05. For case II The probability that the revenue shall exceed $, 2,500,000, is found by fitting the values of the standard deviation, the mean and the value $ 2,500,000 into an online normal distribution calculator, which shows that P (

Multi Agency Benefits For Children And Families

Multi Agency Benefits For Children And Families †¦ there appears to be a dearth of evidence to support the notion that multi-agency working in practice brings about actual benefits for children and families The local authority and government agencies have been working together for a long time and not entirely new practice. Jones and Leverett quote However, the drive towards integrated working which includes the entire childrens workforce (that is, every individual who works, on an employed or voluntary basis, with children and their families across sectors such as health, education, early years and childcare, play work, social care, police, youth support and leisure services) under the interagency umbrella is a more recent and ambitious innovation (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 123) Multi-agency working can be analysed using three primary policy contexts. First, the context of influence, where policy discourses are constructed and key policy concepts for example, partnership or multi-agency working are established. Second, the context of policy text production, or the documents that represent policy (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 125). These are usually expressed in language which claims to be reasonable and for the general public good (Bowe et al., 1992). They include texts such as the SEN Code of Practice (DfES, 2001) or the new Working Together to Safeguard Children guidelines (HM Government, 2010). Such texts are then responded to within the context of practice, or what actually happens on the ground for example, schools, childcare or health settings as a result of a particular policy. (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 125) Jones (2000) added a sixth context, the context of hidden values. This means positive effect outcomes on policy; such as, legislation that promotes interagency cooperation in childrens services. They aim to protect childrens welfare and improve wellbeing. However, Jones suggests that there may be a range of hidden meanings and outcomes. At a central level, policy can be cleverly constructed to disguise a particular set of intentions, values and beliefs. Intentionally or otherwise, policy may be a wolf in sheeps clothing (Jones, 2000) There is also evidence that practitioners construct their own meanings related to policy, whether these are intended or not. Commenting on the tendency of policy makers to centrally design forms, e-templates and assessment tools. (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 126) Both, Garrett (2006) and Axford et al. (2006) note how these are sometimes resisted by practitioners because they are perceived as exerting central control over hitherto fairly autonomous areas and suspected of being a cost-cutting device (Axford et al., 2006, p. 172). Consequently, policy could actually sustain or create circumstances that maintain or exacerbate problems. Rather than being a solution to the perceived problem, the interaction between policy and practice may cause a new set of problems. (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 126) The key point is that policy is at three levels local, front line and central. At central level the ideas are made concrete and then articulated nationally and locally. At the time the policy enters the workforce such as schools, practitioners perceptions can consequently be affected. The question is: to what extent is the vision enshrined in central policy on multi-agency working likely to change as it travels on its journey from central government to individual practitioner? (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 126) Governments have a tendency to construct their vision for policy as a statement of aims or intended outcomes. Sometimes the vision is embedded within a wider framework; for example, governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Jones and Leverett, 2008 pg 126) In England, childrens wellbeing was defined as the five mutually reinforcing outcomes originally presented in the Every Child Matters Green Paper (DfES, 2003, p. 6): SHEEP is an acronym that stands for: S Stay safe H Healthy E Enjoy and achieve E Economic wellbeing P Positive contribution The next steps is to translate these visions into learning which can be implemented into practice by people working in such sectors. The five outcomes were integrated into the development of the common core skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce (DfES, 2005) consisting of: Effective communication and engagement with children, young people and families Child and young person development Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child Supporting transitions Multi-agency working Sharing information. (DfES, 2005) Despite variations, the UK government agreed that all children will benefit from closer working between practitioners and agencies. The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a key part of delivering frontline services that are integrated and focused around the needs of children and young people. The CAF will promote more effective, earlier identification of additional needs, particularly in universal services. It is intended to provide a simple process for a holistic assessment of a childs needs and strengths, taking account of the role of parents, carers and environmental factors on their development (ECM, 2008). The CAF form is designed to record and, where appropriate, share with others, assessments, plans and recommendations for support. Section 11 of the Children Act 2004 places a statutory duty on key people and bodies to make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. (HM Government, 2004) The ECM states all agencies are required to have: Senior management commitment to the importance of safeguarding and promoting childrens welfare A clear statement of the agencys responsibilities towards children, available for al staff Safe recruitment procedures in place Effective inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children Effective information sharing (ECM, 2008) The rationale for the CAF is to help practitioners develop a shared understanding of children, which avoids families repeating themselves to all other agencies. The CAF helps to develop a common understandings of what needs to be done and how. Do not reassess when the information is already there (Parents in consultation about assessment, in Scottish Executive, 2005b, p. 23) The argument is simple and on the surface persuasive, the impetus based on helping individual children. But the relationship between assessment procedures, their purpose and their outcomes is rarely straightforward (Jones, 2004). Assessment is a lifelong process with social consequences and may be influenced by contextual factors and professional value positions. It is literally a point at which certain children are judged to be different (Tomlinson, 1982, p. 82). Some parents and childrens views of their services have highlighted their wanting a coordinated service that is delivered through a single point of contact, a key worker, named person or link worker (Sloper, 2004, p. 572). Within the CAF, a similar role was produced, the lead professional (LP) who takes responsibility for coordinating the action identified as a result of the CAF process and will support the child and their family as necessary. One of the daunting aspects of the CAF is the number of professionals that practitioners will engage with, such as health, education, social services and voluntary agencies. It can be also quite daunting in finding out who the support services are and their contact details. However, with the CAF process it can be away of overcoming tension previously encountered around multi agency working and sharing information. Just as children and their families have a contribution to make to shape the services they receive through the various forms of partnership discussed in previous chapters, so they can contribute to the development of practice and practitioners. This can happen at many levels through evaluation, feedback, consultation and research, as well as direct involvement in training. Practitioners and the organisations they work for need to recognise that children and their families have specific knowledge that cannot be learnt from anywhere else. (Rixon, 2008) Children are party to the subculture of childhood which gives them a unique insider perspective that is critical to our understanding of childrens worlds. (Kellett, 2005, p. 4) Like many who regularly consult children and young people, we find that their views are always serious, concise, thoughtful and highly relevant and cut through the pre-existing agendas and diplomatic avoidances that beset many consultations with professional adults. We find that even very young children are more than able to analyse and give clear views on many issues within their experience. (Morgan, 2005, pp. 181-182) How is the success of more integrated ways of working to be judged? One element of evaluation might be to consider to what extent integrated teams or new initiatives or structures have overcome obstacles and enabled more positive ways of working. (Stone and Rixon, 2008) As we have discussed, government policy and the literature on childrens services all emphasise the importance of agencies working together and the value of partnership structures, yet: Despite such exhortations, there appears to be a dearth of evidence to support the notion that multi-agency working in practice brings about actual benefits for children and families. (Townsley et al., 2004, p. 6) However, Michelle Warren quotes According to Consultancy 4Children (Policy into practice, 4Children, 2009) consistent evidence indicates that parents and children are best served if the support on offer is joined up and well coordinated. It would be appropriate to recognise that although services may be provided in one setting, there is still a risk of services not being joined up, because of different agencies (and competing interests/perspectives) involved. (Warren, 2010) However, Howell states Previously we actually made it incredibly difficult by making children and parents and carers make their own way through the services all being assessed quite separately and getting very mixed messages. So multi-agency working is essential where a child needs it. We mustnt get confused and think multi-agency working has got to be the only way of working. In some cases its actually the school that will make the difference and thats the agency where the vast majority of children will achieve the best outcomes. (Howell, 2008) However, Townsley highlights the actual benefits for families and children. Howell states There are tensions between agencies, some of them driven by the different starting point that different agencies have. So the nature of the targets that agencies are measured by are actually quite different. The health targets that health services are measured by are significantly different from the kind of targets that schools work to and particularly are quite distant from the outcomes of Every Child Matters. (Howell, 2008) As with any Multi agency working, it is crucial to assess whether any new projects or initiatives have been set targets against criteria that can be measured. This is particularly a reflection for evidence based interventions which have been associated with issues, such as value for money. In relation to this, many have targets which have been set and inevitably raise questions whether it is the correct one to be assigned with a particular target. Practitioners recognise that targets can enable clarity and equity, and focus attention on important areas of practice (Banks, 2004). However, Townsley et al. (2004) states review a number of studies that reveal little evidence of improved outcomes of multi-agency working across a range of services and settings. Their review also makes clear that the task of evaluation itself is a complex one. Inherent problems include: difficulties in generalising from individual case studies; diverse views of different stakeholders as to what counts as success; the length of time needed to evaluate change; and causality and attribution. (Glendinning, 2002, cited in Townsley, 2004, p. 6) Consequently, Howell states Childrens participation and engagement is fundamental to the redesign of services particularly with a multi-agency perspective. Its part of the learning about what makes a difference the whole issue around personalisation puts the client, the person receiving the services, as the co-designer of their solutions. (Howell, 2008) To conclude, A formative approach to evaluation that encourages dialogue and ongoing improvements to both policy and practice would appear to offer a positive way forward. However, this is not without its challenges and there are still issues to be addressed, not least training and clarification of roles and responsibilities. It is up to individual practitioners to promote an inclusive approach to professional difference and to develop a range of different models enabling collaboration, respect, reciprocity, realism and risk-taking. (Leverett and Jones, 2008)

Top Deck - The Magazine for Collectible Card Gamers :: Analysis Magazine Cards Essays

Top Deck - The Magazine for Collectible Card Gamers As a potential reader examines a shelf of magazines to buy, the reader will look for an eye-catching magazine that pertains to his or her interests. The magazine Top Deck targets an audience which ranges from pre-teenagers to mid-thirties readers who share interests such as collectible card games, RPG's (or roleplaying games), and fantasy related items. Although the main focus of the magazine is collectible card games, Top Deck attempts to also appeal to the other interests of collectible card gamers. Top Deck experiments with the layout of a normal magazine by expanding it and separating the magazine into two parts. One part of the magazine spotlights the trading card game Pokemon and the other has a majority of articles on the card game Magic: The Gathering. Depending on which portion of the magazine the reader is currently viewing, the other side of Top Deck is upside-down. Most readers would find this design strange and hard to read, but the readers of Top Deck seem to like the design. The design shows imagination and creativity, and these qualities are almost universal among collectible card gamers. It takes a good imagination to play with cards that neither talk nor move and alot of creativity to design a deck of Magic or Pokemon cards. Another thing that makes Top Deck so interesting to its audience is the sarcastic tone of writing that laces the sentences like arsenic. An article contained in the section called Top Disc, on E3 (Electronic Entertainment Expo) previews computer and console games that will be released for the rest of this year and possibly next year (35-45). The article is sometimes humorous to read as it tries to sum up entire games in a few sentences. When reviewing the game Quake III: Arena, Cory Herndon explains: "Point. Shoot. Die. Repeat." (35) Obviously, this is an over-simplistic comment, but it parallels the sarcastic tone of the magazine. The readers of Top Deck enjoy this style of writing because the readers themselves are sarcastic. Society today has been so serious about everything that sometimes it is refreshing to read something so totally causal and carefree. In the department called Box 707, Top Deck stretches sarcasm and humor to the limit (10*). This section is a letter section in which readers write in and someone from the magazine answers these letters. The letters are then printed within the Box 707 section of Top Deck.

The Exploitative Colony of Virginia Essay -- American America History

The Exploitative Colony of Virginia I believe that the early settlers of the colony of Virginia made it into an exploitative and ignorant colony, due to the fact that it was set up primarily to make a small number of individuals wealthy while ignoring the rights of its other members. In the year 1607, a group of adventurers from the Virginia Company established the first English-American colony in the Chesapeake Bay area (Greene, 1988). They landed in Jamestown, and it became the first English settlement to survive in the New World. They named the colony Virginia. In its early history, Virginia was known for its drive to conquer the land and in some cases people, so that it would bring its main benefactors wealth and power (Morton, 1960). This is where the colony of Virginia became highly exploitative because of the greediness of so few people. The wealth and power that these benefactors were looking for mainly came from the growing of tobacco, a labor intensive crop, which was sold in the European market. In order to grow this crop they needed workers to maintain the fields, however, at this time Virginia was characterized as having a high mortality rate. Thus, they had to go out and find a source of laborers. They went out and at first got the labor they needed by recruiting indentured servants from England. These economically poor Europeans were used and abused by their own people, but not as much as the as the black African slaves. In the mid-seventeenth century, slaves became the main source of labor for the labor starved colony, so that the cultivation of the tobacco plantations would continue. The Europeans degraded these people and treated them in some cases, as bad as a dog treats a fire hydrant. One group ... ...4. Greene, Jack; Pursuits of Happiness; University of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 1988. Kate, Stanley & Murrin, John; Colonial America, Essay in Politics and Social Development; U.N.C. Press; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 1983. Morton, Richard; Colonial Virginia, volume one; U.N.C. Press; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 1960. Sale, Kirkpatrick; The Conquest of Paradise; First Plumb Printing; New York, New York; 1991. Tate, Thad & Ammerman, David; The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century; U.N.C. Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 1979. Todd, Lewis & Curti, Merle; Rise of the American Nation, volume one; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Press; New York, New York; 1968. Welty, Paul; Readings in World Cultures; Lippincott Company; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 1970. Wilson, Samuel; Natural History, The Unmanned Wild Countrey

Meaning of Life and Poem Essay

`Tis he who always tears our books, Who leaves the door ajar, He pulls the buttons from our shirts, And scatters pine afar; That squeaking door will always squeak, For, prithee, don’t you see, We leave the oiling to be done By Mr. Nobody He puts damp wood upon the fire, That kettles cannot boil; His are the feet that bring in mud, And all the carpets soiled. The papers always are mislaid, Who had them last but he? There’s no one tosses them about But Mr. Nobody. The finger marked upon the door By none of us are made; We never leave the blind unclosed, To let the curtains fade. The ink we never spill; the boots That lying round you. See Are not our boots they all belong To Mr. Nobody. SYNOPSIS: The poem is about a person,Mr. Nobody, who does notexist, but who is created bythe persona to take theblame for all kinds of mistakes and irresponsiblebehaviour that happens inthe persona’s house. The persona is probably introuble for doing thingswrong and is blaming Mr. Nobody so that he or she willnot be scolded or punished. MEANING OF THE POEM STANZA 1 :- The funny little man mentioned in the poem is a little boy, perhaps three to five years old. This is because; a child within that age usually does not talk much rather than making things that require them to learn. However, they often create trouble to people around them. Like in this stanza, there are cracked plates but people tend not to scold them because they are in the learning process though people know they do it. STANZA 2 :- The same thing happen mentioned in this stanza, the child creates another trouble in the house. Some of the troubles are the books have been torn, the buttons have been pulled out from the shirts and the pins are scattered. However, seeing that the little boy needs to learn, they leave the squeaking door to be oiled by the boy for him to learn. STANZA 3 :- Within this age also, the child may be doing something that may annoy some other people. The examples are given in this stanza such as Mr. Nobody puts damp woods upon the fire which causes the kettle cannot be boiled, bringing the mud into the house and make the carpet soiled, and papers are mislaid. People know that no one could do such things except for Mr. Nobody. STANZA 4 :- However, though people like Mr. Nobody is quite troubling, they need to be directed and to be taught the meaning of life. Not to forget they become like that because they are in the process of learning. Therefore, we as adult or people that are older and already matured must show a good talent for them to follow the right role model. For example in this stanza, Mr. Nobody does not know the meaning of privacy which he lets the door and the curtain open, leaving the boots not in the right place and spilling inks. THEMES: Family life. Taking things for granted. Responsibility. Honesty. MORAL VALUES: We must always tell the truth. We must be responsible members of a family. We should not blame others for our mistakes. We must admit our mistakes. We must appreciate everyone within our family. PERSONA: The persona could be a parent or grandparents who wants to admonish (menegur) the children foralways running away from responsibility and forblaming others for the mischief that they have done. Type of Poem : A poem on life Title : A suitable title because the purpose is to blame nobody. Nobody is a non-person so he is the best person to push the blame to. 1. Write a personal response to a selected poem Why you will choose this poem ? What u think / feel after you read this poem ? What is the theme of the poem ? why ? Theme : 1. Nature 2. Love 3. Friendship 4. Childhood What you learn from this poem ? other†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Not more than 350 words 2. Write reflection on the task you have complete. Your reflection will be assessed on the following data : Maturity of your thought in reflection Language The reflection must be including At first, what you think/ feel when you received this assignment? ( stress ? anxiety ? or ? how you solve this problem?) Thanks for the lecturer Mdm. Syamsina Zahurin Shamsuddin for guide to do this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Thanks my friend to listening my presentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Thanks my groups member Lee Shun Fong ( coorperation ) Where you search the material of this poem (Internet and book)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What you feel when you processing this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Facing what problem when you processing this assignment maybe hard to find material or something like that †¦ Finally †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Guidelines for implementation of project 1. Using the APA format 2. Work should be type written with 1. 5 spacing and font Arial size 12.

‘Of Mice and Men’ By John Steinbeck Essay

Its like my weekends never change, it’s like a daily routine being alone and cold with no one to talk to. Books, all I have is books, I read so much my head hurts sometimes. Line after line, headache after headache, in a way imp already used to it. It’s a Saturday night and all the men have gone to the whore house in town or should I say Suzy’s place. I wonder sometimes why I can’t go but it’s always the same because I’m black. Why would anyone want to dance with a black man? Why would anyone want to sleep with a black a man? Why would anyone want to drink with a black man? I’m just so alone. I actually got a bit of company today from a guy called Lennie. Lennie is a huge man, shapeless face, with large pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. He came in while I was rubbing ointment on my back. At first I felt angry and that my rights were being invaded. I told him that he wasn’t allowed in but me being a black man and him being white it was like he had power over me so I let him in. A big guy like him and a crooked man like me I could have never stopped him. The only people that have entered my room are the boss and slim and when they have entered I have been powerless to stop them. Well, Lennie came in and I started to question him on his relationship that he had with George which realty intrigues me. I was jus talking and he was just laughing at me because he didn’t understand what I was talking about. I asked him what he would do if George never came back, what if George dies what would he do, but Lennie was adamant that George would be safe and that he was careful. He started to approach me and I felt so scared and small that I leaned back into my corner, I told Lennie that George would be alright and that he was safe. I didn’t expect Lennie’s response to be so aggressive. It jus shows how close Lennie and George are. I didn’t really want to upset him but I did, I just wanted him to feel how lonely my life is. I have no one to confide in and I only have my judgment to rely on. I explained to him that I jus kept all my feelings and my worries inside and that I start to feel sick because I have no one to express my emotions to. Lennie is so dumb to understand it felt like I was talking to myself for at least 10 minutes. I told him about my child hood with the company of my brother when we used to live on a farm and that my father didn’t like us paying with white children and that we had each other so we should play together. I didn’t think about what friends I had when I was younger but now I realize why my father told us not to play with them. I was telling him this because I wanted him to know what life was like for a black man but obviously it was like I was talking to myself again. After I had told him all of this I felt like I had made a friend and that all the stress I had kept in had gone out of my system. I didn’t feel so lonely after all but I had a gut feeling that by the time Lennie had gone I would be back to my old ways again. Lonely, depressed and in need of a friend. At that particular moment I felt really good about myself. About 10 minutes later Candy came in looking for Lennie. He looked really uncomfortable about coming into my room. I know that me and candy have been on the ranch for a long time but he has never come into my room. When he came in him and Lennie were talking about getting their own piece of land which Lennie had been talking about before. While candy was talking I was starring a him thinking about how isolated I am compared to everyone else who have lived in one room but with the company of each other. I joined in with their conversation about getting their own land, they were very convinced that they would get it but I thought different, I told them about all the other ranchers that have wanted the same thing but have never as far as a step to getting their own land. Even when they heard the stories of other ranchers they were still adamant that they would get it. I still disagreed with them, but when Candy told me how close and hard they have worked to get this land I gave up and asked if I could join them. I didn’t really have much future on the ranch so the thought of being free was very tempting. We were all very excited and then Curley’s wife came in as usual looking for her husband Curley. We all looked at her scornfully and didn’t take any notice of her when she spoke. She asked again if we had seen Curley and Candy told her to get out because she wasn’t wanted and that her husband wasn’t here. I kept myself quiet because she didn’t listen to Candy and she surely wasn’t going to listen to me. For a while it felt like we had united together to stop her from coming in, but she was still at the door peering in. Then I attempted to get her to go away but she came back with a vengeance saying that I should keep my mouth shut and that she could get me strung on a tree so easily. It was like she tore through my defence. Candy tried to defend me but there was no stopping her. We had to face it that we were powerless to stop her. Candy then told her that all the men were back from town and then she went in a flash. I felt so small that I crawled back into my corner again because I knew that what Curley’s wife was saying was true. There was no point in fighting back, that’s one thing I dislike about Curley’s wife is that she is always putting people down. By the time she had left George came back. I was staring scornfully at Candy and Lennie even though Candy had tried to defend me I had lost every bit of friendliness towards them. George looked at me like he could tell something had gone on. After a couple of minutes of awkward silence they were leaving, while they were going a told them I didn’t want to join them on their farm and George looked confused then they left. I went back to rubbing ointment on my back. I changed my mind about the farm because it just seemed odd for three white men to share a house with one black man. They could turn on me jus like Curley’s wife did and I didn’t want to take any chances, suppose they chucked my out where would I go I couldn’t get a job anywhere else because there is so much unemployment in California. There isn’t a lot of banks and I would be left without money for food, clothes and rent like the millions of other people in California. I had heard of farmers losing their land and the banks dispossessed their families and were left homeless. If a get left on the street I would be picked up and taken away and beaten or taken to a refugee camp. I would hate to be taken to a refugee camp because I don’t want to end up lining up in a big queue waiting for food. I like the ranch because I have my own room, I have lots of possessions and my room is neat and tidy, although it is next to the manure heap. I don’t like the ranch because I get left out and can’t join in with all the other games the ranchers play. I don’t have any regrets in life because before I got kicked in the back by the horse I tried to live my like to the fullest and the best way I could. Now they have all gone, I have time to reflect on what has happened tonight and my life. I have time to think about what I’m going to do tomorrow. I can read a few books if I please without being disturbed. If I had the power, I would make everyone have equal rights, all the white and black people not to fight and make them get along together. I would want everyone to have their own piece of land and that they could work under their own rules. Everyone to be happy and live life to the fullest, I would like there to be a rule that any black man could go into a whore house and have a drink any time he wants and not worry about getting criticized because of the colour of their skin and last of all I will make violence an offence and that anyone that engages in violence will be sent to prison.