Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Assets

ACC201 †¦ STUDY GUIDE for TEST ONE (Chapters 1, 2, 3) Test #1 will consist of 50-60 of the questions below. (Finding the â€Å"answers† to these questions is part of the review) True or False 1. Owner's equity represents the amount of assets that can be claimed by creditors. 2. The right-hand side of an account is always the increase side. 3. A ledger is a chronological record of a business’s transactions. 4. The chart of accounts proves that all transactions were correctly journalized and posted. 5. In accrual-basis of accounting, revenues are recorded when a service is performed. . Current liabilities are expected to be paid off or eliminated in the next 12 months. [pic] 7. Each time a business records revenue the account Cash is increased. 8. Accumulated depreciation of an asset – its depreciation expense = book value. 9. Financial accounting provides information for people inside the company while managerial accounting focuses on information for people o utside the company. 10. Every adjusting entry affects one account on the income statement and one account on the balance sheet. 11. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the djusting entries are completed. 12. The â€Å"current ratio† is calculated by dividing the Total Assets by Total Liabilities. 13. During the closing process, ALL revenue and expense accounts are closed. 14. â€Å"Liquidity† is a measure of how quickly an asset can be converted into cash. 15. Revenues and expenses are also classified as â€Å"current† or â€Å"long-term† on a classified Income Statement. 16. Cash-basis accounting results in a more accurate measurement of net income than does the accrual basis of accounting. 17. Financial statements will be inaccurate if they are prepared before the adjusting entries are completed. 8. Risk is the amount of uncertainty about the return we expect to earn in the future. 19. Accounting records are also referred to as the books. 20. Source documents provide evidence of business transactions and are the basis for accounting entries. 21. As prepaid expenses are used up, the costs of these assets become expenses 22. An account balance is the difference between the debits and credits for an account including any beginning balance. 23. The debt ratio reflects the risk of a company to both its owners and creditors. 24.The higher the debt ratio, the higher risk of a company not being able to meet its obligations. 25. The debt ratio is calculated by dividing total assets by total liabilities. 26. A company that finances a relatively large portion of its assets with liabilities is said to have a high degree of financial leverage. 27. If a company is highly leveraged, this means that it has relatively low risk of not being able to repay its debt. 28. A company's fiscal year must correspond with the calendar year. 29. Adjusting entries are made after the preparation of financial statements. 30.Curren t assets and current liabilities are expected to be used up or come due within one year or the company's operating cycle whichever is longer. 31. For a corporation, the equity section is divided into two main accounts: Common Stock and Retained Earnings. 32. Profit margin can also be called return on sales. 33. The Income Summary account is closed to the retained earnings account. 34. The primary objective of financial accounting is: A. To serve the decision-making needs of internal users B. To provide financial statements to help external users analyze and interpret an organization's activities C.To monitor and control company activities D. To provide information on both the costs and benefits of managing products and services 35. A corporation: A. Is a legal entity separate and distinct from its owners B. Must have many owners C. Has shareholders who have unlimited liability for the acts of the corporation D. Does not have to pay taxes 36. Net Income: A. Decreases equity B. Equals assets minus liabilities C. Is the excess of revenues over expenses D. Represents the owners' claims against assets 37. Return on assets is: A. Also called rate of return B.Computed by dividing net income by beginning assets plus ending assets divided by two C. Computed by multiplying net income by total assets D. Used in helping evaluate expenses 38. Risk is: A. Net income divided by average total assets B. The reward for investment C. The uncertainty about the expected return that will be earned from an investment D. Unrelated to expected return 39. The statement of retained earnings: A. Reports how retained earnings changes at a point in time B. Reports how retained earnings changes over a period of time C.Reports on cash flows for operating, financing and investing activities over a period of time D. Reports on amounts for assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time 40. A written promise to pay a definite sum of money on a specific future date is a(n):   A. Unearned rev enue B. Credit account C. Note payable D. Account receivable 41. On September 30, the Cash account of Value Company had a normal balance of $5,000. During September, the account was debited for a total of $12,200 and credited for a total of $11,500. What was the balance in the Cash account at the beginning of September? A. $4,300 debit balance B. a $4,300 credit balance C. a $5,700 debit balance D. a $5,700 credit balance 42. The Fireside Country Inn is a very popular destination for tourists. The Inn requires guests to make reservations at least two months in advance of their stay. A twenty percent down payment is required at the time the reservation is made. When should this inn recognize room rental revenue? A. On the date the reservation is received B. On the date the money for the reservation is received C. On the date the guests stay in the inn D. On the date the guests pay the remaining eighty percent due 3. Stride Rite has total assets of $425 million. Its total liabilities are $110 million. Its equity is $315 million. Calculate the debt ratio. A. 38. 6% B. 13. 4% C. 34. 9% D. 25. 9% 44. Listed below are two pieces of information. Where is the best place to locate this information, in the journal or the ledger? Details of a transaction which took place on October 3rd All of the sales activity which took place during the current month   A. 1. Journal 2. Journal B. 1. Journal 2. Ledger C. 1. Ledger 2. Journal D. This information is only available on the financial statements 5. Interim financial statements refer to financial reports:   A. That cover less than one year, usually spanning one, three or six-month periods B. That are prepared before any adjustments have been recorded C. That show the assets above the liabilities and the liabilities above the equity D. Where revenues are reported on the income statement when cash is received and expenses are reported when cash is paid 46. Profit margin is defined as: A. Revenues divided by net sales B. Net income divided by net sales C. Net income divided by assets D.Assets divided by net sale 47. A company earned $2,000 in net income for October. Its net sales for October were $10,000. Its profit margin is:   A. 2% B. 20% C. 200% D. 500% 48. Which of these shows a company’s financial position as of a specific date? A. Income StatementC. Statement of Owners Equity B. Balance Sheet D. Chart of Accounts 49. GAAP stands for: A. generally accepted auditing practices B. generally accrued auditing procedures C. generally accrued accounting principles D. generally accepted accounting principles 50. Liabilities are: xpenses incurred by the business increases in owner's equity earned by delivering goods or services economic resources of a business creditors claims to the business's assets 51. Which of these have a remaining balance after the closing process is completed ? A. service revenueC. accumulated depreciation. B withdrawalsD. depreciation expense. 52. A $250 payment on account was recorded as a debit to accounts receivable and a credit to accounts payable. This error will cause: A. owner's equity to be overstated B. accounts payable to be understated C. ash to be understated D. accounts receivable to be overstated 53. Receiving a payment from a customer on account would: A. have no effect on total assets or owner's equity    B. increase net income and decrease liabilities C. increase both assets and owner's equity D. decrease liabilities and increase owner's equity 54. The entry for depreciation has what effect on the financial statements: A. increases expenses and decreases assets B. decreases net income and increases assets C. increases assets and decreases liabilities D. decreases assets and increases liabilities 5. Equipment with a cost of $120,000 has a useful life of 4 years and no salvage value. Using straight-line depreciation, what is the book value after 1 year? A. $28,750C. $103,000 B. $86,250 D. $ 38,333 56. The balance in accumulated depre ciation after adjustment represents: A. a contra liability on the balance sheet B. a contra asset on the balance sheet C. a liability on the balance sheet D. a contra account on the income statement 57. A list of all of the accounts (without balances) used by a business is called: A. trial BalanceC. account master B. hart of accountsD. adjusted trial balance 58. Which of these shows results of a company’s operations over a period of time? A. income statementC. statement of owners equity B. balance sheetD. chart of accounts 59. These â€Å"types† of accounts appear on the Income Statement? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. all accounts of a business appear 60. These â€Å"types† of accounts appear on the Balance Sheet? A. assets and liabilities. C. all owners equity accounts B. revenues, expensesD. ll accounts of a business appear 61. If Assets = $150,000 and Liabilities = $60,000, Owners Equity = _____________. |a) $ 240,000 |c) $ 150,000 | |b) $ 90,000 |d) $ 210,000 | 62. A business bought land paying $100,000 (paying $25,000 cash and owing $75,000). The land had an asking price of $115,00 and an appraised value of $125,000. What amount should the business use to record the purchase in the accounting â€Å"books†. a) $ 25,000 |c) $ 115,000 | |b) $ 100,000 |d) $ 125,000 | 63. In May a business had: Revenue of $15,000, Accounts Receivable of $25,000; Liabilities of $8,000; Expenses of $11,000 and a balance in the Cash account of $5,000. The â€Å"Net Income† (or net loss) for May was _______________. |a) $ 64,000 |c) $ 11,000 | |b) $ 16,000 |d) $ 4,000 | 4. Company buys Supplies paying $500 in Cash. Company buys more Supplies for $1,000, on account. Company pays $500 of the amount it owes for supplies. The balance in the Supplies account is: | a. $ 500 |c. $ 1,500 | |b. $ 1,000 |d. $ 2,000 | 65. The â€Å"accounting† term that refers to copying transaction information fro m the journal to the ledger is termed: |a. increase |c. ebit | | b. decrease |d. credit | 66. Unearned revenue is always a(n) ______________ type of account: |a) revenue. |c) owners equity. | |b) contra-revenue. |d) liability. | 67. Accrued expenses are expenses that have: |a) been paid. |c) not been paid nor incurred | |b) been incurred and paid. |d) not been paid but incurred | 68. Accrued revenue is which of the following? |a) Revenue that has been earned and collected. |b) Revenue that has been collected but not yet earned. | |c) Revenue that has been earned but not yet collected. | |d) Revenue that has not been collected or earned. | 69. On a classified balance sheet, assets that are expected to be converted to cash, sold, or consumed during the next 12 months are referred to as: |A. current assets. |C. leveraged assets. | |B. market assets. |D. liquid assets. | 70. What accounts may have balances (that are not -0-), on a post-closing trial balance? |A. assets, liabilities & r evenues. |C. revenues, expenses & capital | |B. ssets, liabilities & expenses |D. assets, liabilities & capital | 71. Which of these would have no effect on TOTAL assets or TOTAL liabilities? |a) payment of a liability |c) buying supplies on account | |b) payment of an expense |d) buying supplies and paying cash | 72. The accountant for BobCo did not make any adjusting entry for depreciation expense. What is the effect of this error on TOTAL liabilities? a) liabilities are understated |c) liabilities are overstated | |b) liabilities are not affected |d) I don’t have a clue! | 73. Buying a $300,000 building by signing a $300,000 note payable results in: |a) owner's equity increasing. |c) no change to owner's equity. | |b) owner’s equity decreasing. |d) no clue on this one either! | 74. The â€Å"Matching Principle† directs accountants to: |a) match total debits to the total credits. | |b) match Assets to the (Liabilities – Owners Equity). | |c) match expen ses against revenues of the period. |d) once again, I have no clue! | 75. A $75 payment for Rent Expense was mistakenly posted as a: debit to Supply Expense (the credit was correct). What is the impact on the Trial Balance |a) the credit total is off by $75. | |b) the debit total is off by $75. | |c) no impact on the Trial Balance | |d) nothing has changed – no clue! | 76. If a company is using the accrual method of accounting, when is revenue recorded? |a) when cash is received, regardless of when the work is done. | |b) when the work, or services are begun. |c) when the work, or services are completed. | |d) when the expenses to pay for the job, or services, are incurred. | 77. Assets are __________________________________________________________ 78. Liabilities are _______________________________________________________ 79. Equity is ____________________________________________________________ 80. Revenues are_________________________________________________________ 81. Ex penses are _________________________________________________________ 82. How do you INCREASE these accounts †¦ by a DR (debit) or a CR (credit) ? ______ Assets ______ Expenses ______ Revenues _____ Liabilities ______ Capital ______ Withdrawals Unearned Accumulated ______ Revenue ______ Depreciation 83. Indicate whether these accounts appears on the: IS (Income Statement only), the BS (Balance Sheet only) or BOTH (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) ______ Cash ______ Furniture ______ Revenue ______ Supply ______ Accounts ______ Accounts Expense Payable Receivable Unearned Interest _____ Revenue ______ Revenue Definitions – matching 84. cost of assets or services used up or consumed to generate revenues. They decrease retained earnings. 85. resources generated from a company’s earnings activities. They increase retained earnings. . 86. Assets = Liabilities + Equity 87. the result when revenues are larger than expenses. 88. A company records the expenses incurred to generate the revenues reported. 89. Every business is accounted for separately from its owner or owners. Revenues LiabilitiesEquity ExpensesNet IncomeGAAP Net Loss AssetsAccounting equation 90.A list of all ledger accounts and includes an identification number assigned to each account (does NOT include account balances). 91. A record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue or expense item. 92. The accounting â€Å"book of original entry† where transactions are first recorded in a chronological order. Identifies and describes transactions and events entering the accounting process (either in hard copy or electronic form). 93. A record containing all accounts used by a company, a collection of all accounts and their balances. Post from the journal to the __________. 4. A list of accounts, and their account identification numbers, (without any dollar amounts or balances) that may be used by a company. 95. The process of transferring journal en try information to the ledger. |A. Debit |F. Chart of Accounts | |B. Credit |G. Trial balance | |C. Account |H. Ledger (general ledger) | |D. Posting |I. Source documents | |E. Journal |J. Account Balance | 6. a method or technique of accounting that â€Å"recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expenses when cash is paid†. 97. this is â€Å"a list of accounts and balances prepared after adjustments (adjusting entries) are recorded†. 98. this is â€Å"the process of allocating the costs of these (plant) assets over their expected useful life†. 99. these are â€Å"costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded†. 100. an â€Å"account linked with another account, it has an opposite normal balance, and is reported as a subtraction from the other (linked) account’s balance† 01. this â€Å"refers to revenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received in cash (or other assets)’ |A . Accrued Expenses |F. Contra Account | |B. Accrued Revenue |G. Cash Basis Accounting | |C. Depreciation |H. Unearned (deferred) Revenue | |D. Adjusting Entry |I.Prepaid (deferred) Expenses | |E. Adjusted Trial Balance |J. Matching Principle (expense recognition) | Journal Entries 102. Bill starts a business by investing $10,000 cash in the business. 103. The business completes work for a customer and collects $1,000 from him. 104. The business receives this month’s phone bill in the amount of $ 100. The business will pay the bill NEXT month. 105. The business does work for a Customer and sends Joe a bill for $ 750. 106.On Jan 1, BobCo received $3,000 from a customer to provide landscape services for Jan, Feb and Mar. (BobCo made the correct entry on Jan 1 to record the receipt of the Cash). Prepare BobCo’s adjusting entry for JAN 31 107. BobCo pays Salaries of $5,000 per week. Mon, Tues, Wed are in JAN while Thurs and Fri fall into FEB. Prepare the adjusting entry a s of JAN 31 108. A machine was purchased for $24,000 on JAN 1. Its estimated useful life is 48 months. Prepare the entry for depreciation on JAN 31. 109. In JAN, interest revenue of $100 has been earned but not yet received. It will be received in MAY). Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. 110. On JAN 1 the Supplies account balance was $3,000. On JAN 31 there were $ 1,000 of Supplies remaining (unused). Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31 111. On JAN 1 BobCo bought $500 in Supplies on account. On JAN 31 only $200 of the Supplies remain. Prepare the adjusting entry. 112. On JAN 1 BobCo. paid, in advance, $3,000 for 6 months of Insurance (Jan thru June) Prepare the adjusting entry for JAN 31. ONE MORE PAGE On the next page, IF you close ONLY the correct accounts, you will receive one bonus points. Adjusted Trial Balance |Debits |Credits | |Cash |$ 15,000 | | |Accounts Receivable |$ 6,000 | | |Unearned Revenue | |$ 1,000 | |Accounts Payable | |$ 2,500 | |Sales Revenue | |$ 11,000 | |Depreciation Expense |$ 2,000 | | |Rent Expense |$ 500 | | |Withdraws |$ 1,000 | | |Capital | |$ 10,000 | Note: Prepare the closing journal entries using whatever data above that you need.

Corporations today Essay

In the United States today there are millions of corporations in many different industries. All of them must abide by the current taxation rules and regulations that have been set by IRS and congress. The Internal Revenue Code, which was originally founded in 1939, set the foundation for the codification that we have in place today. The code arranged all Federal Tax provisions in a logical order and placed them in a separate part of the federal status. Over the years, congress has updated and amended the tax code in 1954, in 1986 Tax Reform Act, and is constantly updating the code due to its importance in assessing judicial and administrative decisions. The arrangement of the code is broken down starting with a Subtitle, broken down into chapter, subchapter, part, and then section (2). It is extremely important for Corporations today to make sure they understand the tax code so they can be aware of the benefits and consequences that may arise in daily business transactions. Asset and property transactions are a large of certain corporations day-to-day operations. Normally property and asset transactions will produce tax consequences if a gain or loss is realized. A transfer of property to a corporation in exchange for equity creates the grounds for a taxable sale and the amount to be recognized but there are exceptions to the rule (4). The code does provide exceptions to the rule and allows ways around recognizing a gain or loss upon the transfer of property to a corporation. Section 351(a) is one exception to the rule. The general rule states, â€Å"No gain or loss shall be recognized if property is transferred to a corporation by one or more persons solely in exchange for stock in such corporation and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control (as defined in section 368(c)) of the corporation†, according the internal revenue code (1). The idea and principal behind the rule is based on the transfer of property and isn’t a closed transaction because a transferor has not cashed in the position in the transferred property. Instead, the person continues to own the transferred property throughout ownership of the transferee corporation stock and there has just been a change in the form of ownership. Congress believes that tax rules should not hinder firms from making business decisions, hence why section 351 was written (10). In order for section 351 to be used and applied there are 3 items that must be met for the transaction to be considered for the non- recognition treatment. The first requirement is that there must be a transfer of â€Å"property† to a corporation. It is very important that corporations understand the definition of property because in the past issues have arose. Plant, Property, Equipment, installment obligations, and unrealized receivables of cash basis are all considered as property. The main property exclusion in the code is that services are not considered as property (6)(11). Another requirement is that the transferors must receive common or preferred stock that is not qualified preferred stock of the transferee corporation. Non-qualified preferred stock is not permitted because it has similarities to debt instruments. Stock warrants and stock rights are also excluded and would be treated as boot (7)(11). The third requirement that must be met in order for a corporation to use section 351 is that once the transfer is complete, the transferors must be in control of the transferee corporation within the meaning of section 368(c). Control means that the people involved must own a minimum of 80 percent of the total combined voting power and numbers of shares of stock. The two criteria for control both must be satisfied as per Rev. Ruling 59-259. Section 351 is a mandatory transaction if a transaction meets the provisions requirements as per Gus Russell, Inc. v. Commissioner, 36 T.C. 965 (1961)(8). If and when all of the section 351(a) requirements are met, the transferor will not recognize a gain or loss on the transfer property to the corporation. During the transaction, if the transferor receives boot, section 351(b) requires them to recognize the gain (capital, long-term, or short-term) equal to the lessor of the gain that would be recognized under section 1001 if the transferor were treated as selling property transferred and the fair market value of the boot received. Under section 351(b)(2), no such loss of any realized loss to be recognized (4)(8). There are situations where once the 351(a) factors are met, a transferor will transfer stock received to someone outside of the control group, and then the requirement after might not be met. A transferor might distribute some of the control received to the shareholders after the requirement based on 351(c). This type of distribution can be taxable to both the shareholders and the distributing corporation. Section 351(c) also relates to situations where there has been a transfer of stock to a corporation in a section 355 transactions (7). Section 351(c)(2) allows shareholders to dispose of all or part of the transfers stock without preventing the corporations Section 351 transaction from satisfying the â€Å" control immediate after† requirement (4). Section 351(d) states that there are times when services, certain indebtedness, and accrued interest not treated as property as per James v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. 63 (1969); cf. Hospital Corporation of America v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 520 (1983). An example of this would be receiving stock for legal services (11). Even though there are major benefits to meeting the requirements of section 351, one of them being the ability to permit shareholders of a corporation to defer recognition of a gain or loss on the transfer of assets to the corporation, there are also times that it will be advantageous for a corporation to avoid using Section 351 for tax planning purposes (9). A transferor might want to be able to recognize the gain if it will not negatively affect them. If a transferor is in a low tax bracket or the gain could be a beneficial capital gain that could be offset with capital losses, they might not want to use section 351. Another scenario where it could be an advantage not to use section 351 would be if the transferor wanted to allow for immediate loss recognition. There are alternatives for a transferor who would like to recognize the loss (3). Back in March of 2005, the IRS and treasury department proposed a â€Å"net value† regulation to address the application of several non-recognition provisions to the code. The idea behind the proposal was to add the concept of â€Å"exchange of net value† requirement to Sections 332, 351, and 368(6). The reason being that a â€Å"net value† is appropriate because a transfer of property in exchange for the assumption of liabilities resembles a sale and should not be afforded. For the purposes of section 351, stock would not be treated as issued property unless the fair market value of the assets of the transferor corporation exceeds the amount of its liability immediately after the transfer (5). In conclusion, corporations need to make sure that they understand the tax codes and regulations that are set in place by the internal revenue code. Section 351 is a very interesting section and should be used in tax planning with corporations that are involved with property and asset transactions will that will produce tax consequences if a gain or loss is realized (2). In order for a corporation to use the section, all three preliminary requirements must be met. Just like any code section there are advantages and disadvantages of meeting the requirements and applying the code section to a corporation. Going forward it will be interesting to see if there will be any changes or amendments in the near future based on new court rulings. Works Cited Page (1) 26 USC Treas. Reg.  § 1.351 (2) Hoffman, Raabe, Smith, and Maloney. Corporations, Partnerships, Estates and Trusts. N.p.: South-Western, 2012. Print. (3) Richardson, William M. â€Å"Opportunities and Pitfalls Under Sections 351 and 721.† Opportunities and Pitfalls Under Sections 351 and 721. Willam and Mary, n.d. Web. (4) â€Å"Internal Revenue Code Section 351.† Www.bradfordtaxinstitute.com/Endnotes/IRC_Section_351.pdf. Bradford Tax Institute, n.d. Web. (5) Silverman, and Johnson. â€Å"Assessing the Value of the Proposed â€Å"No Net Value† Regulations.† Steptoe and Johnson LLP, 6 Oct. 2006. Web. (6) Jegen. â€Å"Section F-2033 – Income Taxation Of Corporations And Shareholders – Income Tax Effects.† Www.iupui.edu/†¦Tax/F-2033-EH.C&S.Tax.Effs.Of.Incorp.Pro.pdf. N.p., n.d. Web. (7) Leong, Lisa. â€Å"Section 351.–Transfer to Corporation Controlled by Transferor.† Associate Chief Counsel, n.d. Web. (8) Wells -Hall, C. â€Å"Tax Considerations of Transfers to and Distributions from the C or S Corporation.† Mayer, Brown, Rowe and Maw LLP, n.d. Web. (9) M&A Tax Report. â€Å"Thinking the Unthinkable: Recognizing Gain on a 351 Transfer.† Panel Publishers, n.d. Web. (10) â€Å"Corporate Formation.† Ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of†¦/15†¦/session11.pdf. N.p., n.d. (11) â€Å"Code of Federal Regulations.† Http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2005-title26-vol4/xml/CFR-2005-title26-vol4-sec1-351-1.xml. Title 26 – Internal Revenue. CHAPTER I, n.d. Web.

Intrapreneuship-Global

Slide: Many big companies had benefitted from the ideas of their employees that not just bringing innovation but adding to its revenue stream. Several global cases have been renowned especially to big companies’ history on how their respective intrapreneurs made the business to be the pioneer of a certain business idea. 1. Most renowned â€Å"Skunk Works† 2. Spencer Silver and Art Fry’s development of post-it notes at 3 M company Modern Day 1. Steve Jobs and a group of 20 Apple Computer engineers created the Macintosh computer 2. Intel's core chip-making business. . Google 4. Microsoft 5. Sony playstation I. Global Case Intrapreneurs take existing businesses and transform them. Whereas an entrepreneur would take an idea and build a business around it, an intrapreneur takes an existing business and branches it out into uncharted waters. In a September 1985 Newsweek article, Steve Jobs was quoted as saying, â€Å"The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as in trapreneurship; only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going, in essence, back to the garage, but in a large company. (http://infospace. ischool. syr. edu/2012/06/25/intrapreneurship-what-who-and-why-its-important/) Intrapreneurship is being practiced in a corporate management style that integrates risk-taking and innovation approaches, as well as the reward and motivational techniques that are more traditionally thought of as being the province of entrepreneurship. Many big companies had benefitted from the ideas of their employees that not just bringing innovation but adding to its revenue stream.Several global cases have been renowned especially to big companies’ history on how their respective intrapreneurs made the business to be the pioneer of a certain business idea. I. Global Case * Skunk Works is an official alias for Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Development Programs (ADP), formerly called Lockheed Advanced Development Projects. Thi s working group within the well-known defense manufacturer has been responsible for the development of numerous cutting edge aircraft and other innovations since 1943, when it was established to work on secret projects for the United States Air Force.In some companies, a working group of intrapreneurs may be referred to as a â€Å"skunkworks project† in reference to Lockheed's famous subdivision. (http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-an-intrapreneur. htm#did-you-know) Skunk Works is responsible for a number of famous aircraft designs, including the U-2, the SR-71 Blackbird, the F-117 Nighthawk, and the F-22 Raptor. Currently its largest officially known project is the F-35 Lightning II, which will be used in the air forces of several countries.Skunk works devoted their work revolutionary projects outside of the company’s * Spencer Silver and Art Fry’s development of post-it notes at 3m is also an impressive example of intrapreneurship. Way back in when a 3m employe e couldn't keep his hymns marked properly in his church choir book. After attempting various methods, he decided he'd try using some non-permanent adhesive that was available at his workplace. By placing this adhesive on the back of his markers, he found he could keep them secured in place and then easily peel them off when he was done.Modern day * Intel also has a tradition of implementing intrapreneurship. Intel established an in-house â€Å"new business initiative† in 1998 to bootstrap new businesses that employees propose, regardless of whether the concepts had anything to do with Intel's core chip-making business. In contrast to a venture capital program that Intel has had in place for a decade, the new business initiative provides financing for businesses that the company's own employees start. The idea for the whole thing came from our employees, who kept telling us they wanted to do entrepreneurial things,† said Craig Barrett, president and chief executive offic er of Intel. â€Å"They saw that we were putting a lot of investments into external companies and said that we should be investing in our own ideas. † (http://www. utdallas. edu/~chasteen/Reinventing%20the%20intrapreneur. htm) * Steve Jobs and a group of 20  Apple Computer  engineers created the Macintosh computer without â€Å"adult supervision,† mainly to compete with Apple's mainstay, the Apple II — not to mention Mr.Jobs's nemesis, Apple CEO John Scully * Microsoft Microsoft , one of the companies that poached great Xerox technology, has suffered from a brain drain that may pose a bigger threat than any U. S. Supreme Court decision, as veteran executives use their own millions to start their own firms. That's why both of these companies are now emphasizing internal entrepreneurial efforts. They are among the following ten corporations that have made intrapreneurship a keystone of their business. Seamus Blackley, a game designer, joined Microsoft in early 1999.His last big project, â€Å"Trespasser,† a dinosaur-shooting game based on Michael Crichton's The Lost World (Knopf, 1997), bombed in the market. He figured he'd keep a low profile as a graphics programmer, but then he dreamed up a new idea on an airplane flight and quickly banded with three other engineers to create a video game console using personal computer technology. (http://www. utdallas. edu/~chasteen/Reinventing%20the%20intrapreneur. htm) * Google is also known to be intrapreneur friendly, allowing their employees to spend up to 20% of their time to pursue projects of their choice.

Project Management Strategic Issues Assignment

Project Management Strategic Issues - Assignment Example The design of the building was given by  Enric  Miralles  and the construction of the building started in June 1999. The project was a constant target of disagreement and condemnation for the choice of the site, complex design and costs incurred. The final completion date of the building was in 2004, which was almost three years behind the original schedule and the project overran the cost of ?40m to ?414m which was many folds higher than the allocated budget. The major reason for the cost overrun as explained in the public enquiry by Peter Fraser in 2003 were the inefficient methods in which most important design changes were executed by the  Holyrood  project team. The paper undertakes a detailed study of the Scottish Parliament project, the reasons of the failure of the project, the course of direction as the project advanced to its final stage and the  recommendations  that could have saved the failure of the project followed by conclusion. ... The Management appeared to be unable to give a clear perception of the Quality v/s Cost aspect of the Project, which led to complications later on.  The initial cost estimate of the New Project at  Holyrood  was  GBP  40  Miilion, subsequently revised to  GBP  50 Million. However this was never believed to have any sanctity. The Acting Minister of Scotland, Mr. Donald Dewar desired the project to be completed as early as possible. The process of selecting the Construction Management was done without adequate regard for the risk factors. Quality was the over-riding priority in the scheme of things, rather than cost and timely execution. It was much later when the delay became a very visible issue that stress was laid on completing it early. Even at that stage no rescheduling of the work to reflect the acceleration of pace was done. The cost escalated unreasonably because of the numerous design additions and alterations demanded by the client. Fig 2: Escalated Costs sin ce Sep 2000 2.2 Lack of Budget Clarity The Project was managed through Construction by Contracting.  The utilization of this type  of project management methodology permits the initiation of the on-site construction before the finalization of the complete project design. This strategy helps to reduce the time. However, in the case of the  Holyrood  project, no main contractor was hired  initially  and the client hired as many as 60 small time individual contractors whose services were taken up at different times. These individual contractors were to work under a construction management  firm  and the client remained the employer at all times. However, this  method turned

Energy Economic Study Questions 2 Research Paper

Energy Economic Study Questions 2 - Research Paper Example If there is excess demand and low supply prices increase. ‘Cheating’ by OPEC members refers to a situation where members do not comply with quotas set by OPEC. It involves member countries producing more than the quantity required by OPEC. Some members such as Nigeria produce more than the set quantity because of their economic status. Cheating by member countries affects the supply of oil hence affecting prices set by OPEC. World oil situation refers to the current quantity of oil available and the prevailing prices. Improved world oil situation refers to a situation where oil producing countries produce oil in sufficient quantities to meet demand. The availability of oil and in standard prices is considered the normal situation. OPEC have the power to influence the world oil situation by producing more or little oil. Energy efficiency has contributed to improved world oil situation by reducing over reliance on oil e.g. use of electric trains. This causes people to slowly shift from the use of no renewable oil to use of electricity hence reducing the strain on oil resources. New technologies for finding and extraction of oil have contributed to increased oil situation. This has made it easier to discover more oil wells. More oil wells will lead to increased supply hence improving the world oil situation. Also, better understanding of the local geology is a contributing factor. Jaccard uses economic concepts such as consumer response to prices, greater use of coal and near perfect substitution in his argument that depletion of conventional oil resources is unlikely to be cataclysmic. When price of a good increase, there is slow response initially, and this keeps the price constant for a while. This slow response is equivalent to fall in demand for the product. This is because people look for other alternatives. In the case of oil, money might flow from gas and oil to other alternatives. Jaccard believes that with oil, coal is an alternative.

How airlines company use Propaganda technique in Advertising Research Paper

How airlines company use Propaganda technique in Advertising - Research Paper Example McGarry sees propaganda as undermining the will; Lopez & Thompson see it in the context of engagement. Others go further to equate propaganda with marketing dictatorship (Brady, 15). By clarifying and redefining the nature of propaganda in the modern context of advertising, it is possible to conceive of the ethical use of propaganda by a firm to market its product. Businesses that produce intangibles such as services would benefit most by the creative use of propaganda. Context/Problem The global market for air passenger transport has grown exponentially, averaging 5% growth each year for the past 30 years. There are more than 2,000 airlines that operate more than 23,000 aircraft, serving over 3,700 airports, making 28 million scheduled flights and transporting over 2 billion passengers (IMAP, 2011). At the same time, demand for passenger flight has significantly decreased as a result of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks in September 11, 2001, involving the hijacking and cr ash of three commercial aircraft, although the market has somewhat recovered since then. The increase in capacity for flights and fluctuations in demand due to political concerns has constricted the market for airlines and heightened competition among the industry players. At the same time, the cost of aviation fuel has been rising, putting further pressure on airline companies’ already narrow profit margins. Already, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) has predicted a â€Å"gloomy picture† for the global aviation industry from 2012 and beyond, due to the weak global economy and high jet fuel prices (Ciuci Consulting 16). In order to attract customers, airline companies, would resort to a number of solutions to increase sales, such a low-cost air travel and no-frills flight (Lyth 1). Among the solutions any business would explore is creative advertising, which includes propaganda. The difference between propaganda and the regular advertising is that prop aganda tends to be more persuasive and others say more invasive, making use of imagery to aggressively forward a specific message, and playing more to human emotion rather than intellectual reasoning in delivering that message. In the course of striking an emotional chord, it is implied by many that the message delivered stretches the truth and takes advantage of the psychological soft spot in potential customers. The problem therefore that this dissertation seeks to resolve is to determine how airline companies use propaganda techniques in advertising, the effectiveness of propaganda in enhancing enplanement, and whether such practices are perceived as being within or outside the boundaries of business ethics. The study’s contribution to academic literature is its determination of where the demarcation lies between ethical and unethical advertising practice with regard to propaganda techniques, as applied to the airline industry. Key Terms Propaganda – The term propag anda used in its generic sense refers to â€Å"ideas, facts or allegations spread to further one’s cause or damage an opposing cause† (Merriam-Webster). On the negative extreme propaganda is taken to mean â€Å"ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.†

The Internal and External and Factors That Shaped the Collapse of the Essay

The Internal and External and Factors That Shaped the Collapse of the Soviet Union - Essay Example Instinctively, the swift collapse of the Soviet polity caught many by surprise. As it was then, the astonishing fragmentation divides scholars right in the middle with little consensus over the triggering bullets. The dominant perspective point fingers at the American massive spending and the moral clarity under Ronald Regan as economically and ideologically bankrupting to the communist planned economy. On the flip side, the deterministic view argues that the collapse of the Soviet Republic was an inevitable occurrence due to the intrinsic inbuilt contractions of its managerial economics. But, what exactly were the real causes of the USSR disintegration? This paper examines the long-standing structural dynamics as well as the short term political catalysts behind the deterioration and the subsequent collapse of the hitherto well regarded Soviet empire. The stunning disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 is often heralded by most academics from the West as a triumphant victory of democracy and capitalism, as though the occurrence was a direct outcome of the combined Reagan -Thatcher ideological missiles. While this analytical stance may look somewhat self-congratulatory relative to the measurable facts, circumstantial evidence of the internal political dynamics of the Soviet state itself and its relations with the outside world tend to heighten affirmation of the same. Valerie Bunce concurs â€Å"the collapse of communism was not only abrupt, but inevitably long in the making†, and that the short term factors only provided fodder to the long term structural factors (p.xi). To begin with, the collapse of the Soviet Union was much a consequential effect of poor managerial aspects of the political system. According to the Marxist-Leninist ideology, the Communist Party was the vanguard of the proletariat. As such, its control of the political system was supreme, unquestionable and more so totalitarian; the party monopolized management of the state resourc es as well as all the undertakings of the society on behalf of the â€Å"universal, working class†-a multi-faceted ideological, conditional decorum of the communist system, at least at the expectation level. In practice, however, the party was firmly under the stewardship of a unique socio-political stratum namely the ‘nomenklatura’; the privileged party bureaucrats with preferential access to the state resources (McCauley, 2001, p. 86). With political legitimacy hinging on the ideological principles of the Marxist-Leninist canon underpinned by the coercive terror engineered by Stalin and operated through the security forces, the system â€Å"manufactured† leaders appropriate to it. So buttressed by sweet fear and intimidation that the subsequent leadership, those who disliked Stalin’s commanding tone included, could not quite disassociate with the world Stalin had created; yet a tone that upheld the system. Before Gorbachev’s initiation of p erestroika in 1985, successive leadership beginning with Nikita Khrushchev-the immediate Stalin’s successor, made numerous changes to the system. With gradual ‘abandonment of mass political terror’, the subsequent regimes basically lost the original Stalinist control grips on society (Dallin and Lapidise 1995, p. 675). The consequential effect was an individualistic retreat into long-term cultural transformations that further weakened the founding principles of the Soviet system. Despite of the upsurge

Language Acquisition and Various Influences on Student Learning Essay

Language Acquisition and Various Influences on Student Learning - Essay Example This essay declares that children invent the learning rules through making initial mistakes and correcting themselves as they develop. Various aspects of language acquisition have been identified by theorists that make it a biologically controlled process. Two of these aspects are significant for language educators in creating an environment that promotes learning among students. Firstly, it has to be stressed that language acquisition is innate and it is not generated by external events. However, its development requires a rich environment that exposes the learner more to the language. Secondly, it is also noted that direct teaching and intensive practice do not have significant positive effects on the language acquisition process. These aspects imply that a proper language acquisition will then be enhanced through creation of some classroom environment that favors interaction between the students themselves. This paper discusses that developing such a climate will involve examination different factors affecting learning and their mutual relations. The influence of social and emotional factors on the learning process can no longer be ignored. Such negligence results in the development of some instructional gap and the students attempt to fill this gap in their devised mechanisms that do not support the learning process. Some degree of mutual relationship occurs among intellectual, social, and emotional processes as they affect the learning process. ... The learning process occurs in some social context that is dynamic in nature so that an individual with complex cognition will be able to learn and adapt to the changing needs of the social contexts of learning as opposed to the less complex individuals (Love & Love, 1996). Aspects of the social setup such as the culture of a community may affect a student’s beliefs, attitudes, or motivations towards the learning process. These are detrimental to the learning process if carried into the classroom environment. On the other hand, the individuals with complex cognition have better skills of understanding the perspectives of other people. This implies that good cognition can help students adapt to new social settings, which is essential for learning. The relationship between cognition and the social process is also evident in classroom discussions. A good proportion of learning in students occurs in the classroom discussions, where students share their experiences that they feel t he other individuals need to learn. Through the discussions, a student is able to learn more of the concept or determine if it is well understood Emotions also have effects on the learning and development processes in students since the feeling states, and thinking states cannot be separated easily (Love & Love, 1996). The emotional and rational minds of an individual often act in a balanced manner to guide the individual through life decisions. While emotions will strive to inform and guide the rational operations, rational mind will try to refine the input from emotional mind before initiating an operation (Love & Love, 1996). Negative emotions such as depression, when carried into the classroom, will suppress the learning process. The students will not be able to

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Case Study Example There big breakthrough came in 1997, when they designed a software system known as COSMOS which would totally focus on the customers needs. This system had various advantages. One of them is that the customers organized it (Plunkett 27). This had several reimbursements. Through this system, it was easy for intuit to know who are its most loyal profitable customers. This system kept a record of every customer, and with this, company would easily identify the profitability drivers. Therefore, this was very advantageous as it developed a greater understanding of Intuits customers. An added advantage is that it enabled the sales agents to be well informed when dealing with customers. This is because all the customer information was accessible to them as they could see it in the customers file. The advantage of this is that it created an efficient way of working with customers, for example, those customers that had special requests. Decisions made on how to deal with these customers could be supported by having information on the customers specifications, and his or her past transactions. COSMOS also developed a system that automates data entry. This was of great significance as it helped reduce errors, and decrease call length. In 1999, Intuit integrated a new phone system technology into COSMOS (Plunkett 120). The system performed in a way that it identified the customer who was calling, and brought his or her records regarding any transaction made in the past. This enabled FSG to track its high value customers, and direct them to highly skilled and trained special agents for the provision of optimum services. As much as there were several advantages the company faced as a result of becoming online intermediaries, there were also a number of challenges faced. The company faced the challenge of the company changing its mindset from being a product driven company to an online servicing company (Plunkett 45). According to Redmond, the companys CEO, the switch

Operating a Successful Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Operating a Successful Business - Essay Example In whatever activity an individual engages in, it is usually of substantive importance to ensure that there is always a thought about the future. Thinking about the future prospects from an earlier stage helps in proper planning mechanics. Saving from wages received is an important aspect that helps in providing future solutions, while at the same time, proving finances for the expansion of the prospects of a business plan. Financial constraints and problems are usually recurring and in certain instances abrupt. This therefore, calls for an individual to be ready at all times, in order to evade any unfortunate occurrences. Saving therefore, as a means of protecting the future is indeed a perfect approach towards addressing the issues pertaining to future uncertainties, which is a common challenge for businesses. Wastages as a contribution of unregulated and unplanned expenses are also a contributor to financial crisis in businesses. It is in order for businesses to spend money on different aspects that pertain to the successful running of the entity. However, in certain instances, individuals within the organization go overboard by making expenses that add little or no value into the business. Other aspects that contribute towards financial crisis are inadequate control systems, poor incentives, and inappropriate accounting. It is critical to note that with inappropriate determinants, addressing financial crisis could be a giant problem. Minimization of wastages by appropriate budgeting ensures that proper regulations are made in purchasing items that are of greatest needs, other than those that simply satisfy the common needs. However, little known, individual expense reports are also important for families in enabling appropriate budgeting. Many families tend to engage in impulse buying and therefore, find themselves in instances of continuous wastages and little savings.

The London Toile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The London Toile - Essay Example The urban landscape in many UK cities seems to be changing all the time, modern buildings have become icons that give us a strong sense of identity, and there fore the London Toile seemed a perfect expression of where we were coming from.I could go on and on, but to sum things up we do love some of the traditional designs from the past, but its great fun to give them a new angle, to make them speak to us in the present.   This fabric speaks so much about the lifestyle of the romantic, peaceful and carefree London. Printed in the fabric, were green different images of the romantic and carefree lifestyles in contrast to a cream linen which made it more beautiful and attractive.  There are 8 images injected to a bright cream fabric, showered with flying and feeding doves were a images of lovers overlooking the Great London Bridge across the lake under the tree infront of bench. It is such a very romantic site which made this fabric perfectly ideal for lovers, designed to fit on sofa sets, love rests or even   curtains in a lovers bedroom.  Next to this image is the city itself, overlooked across the ocean with a lone man walking away from it. This peaceful and solemn serenity of the scene depicts the mood of the sunset, being ready for a relaxing dinner and sleep on your way to your home. Having this fabric hanged in your living room makes you feel that you are glad to be home with your family, celebrating the union before the end of the day.Timorous Beasties have not actually changed much in the Toile concept.

Conflict between Free

Conflict between Freewill and Fate Essay Sophocles lived in the 5th Century BC, arguably the age at which the Greeks started questioning the validity of their Gods and Religious beliefs. As a playwright and as a keen social observer (he is credited with winning the maximum number of awards for his plays during his lifetime among his contemporaries), Sophocles might have felt an obligation to emphasize that Fate and Gods were what guided the human life. A healthy respect for Fate was required to accept Life in its entirety. The underlying concept of the story of Oedipus Rex is the all encompassing power of coincidences. One might choose to call it Fate or a deterministic Universe. For Sophocles and all his readers, it is the amazing possibility of symmetry in events. What is Free Will? Freewill is the ability to take independent decisions, and it also includes a deep rooted desire to counter any attempt to predetermine future. Freewill always tends to adopt measures to break loose from any prediction. This tendency to try and break away from any foregone conclusion has been the chief motivation for progress. But, in the limited context of Oedipus Rex, predictions, instigate the freewill to try and rebel. Prominent evidence of this struggle from Oedipus Rex â€Å"An oracle Once came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To perish by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. †(lines 713-715) Jocasta and Laius were forewarned through a Prophecy that a son born through their union shall slay Laius. But this only led them to banish the child to be killed in the hope that the prophecy is belied. At the same time, the prophecy to Laius and Jocasta was not complete – it did not talk about the incestuous relationship their son would have with his mother. â€Å"†¦Apollo sent me back Baulked of the knowledge that I came to seek. But other grievous things he prophesied, Woes, lamentations, mourning, portents dire; To wit I should defile my mothers bed And raise up seed too loathsome to behold, And slay the father from whose loins I sprang. †(lines 816-821) Thus was Oedipus forewarned. He had gone to the Oracle to find out if there was any truth in the scandal that was spreading in Corinth that he was not the son of the king Polybus of Corinth. Instead of giving him any clarity on his confusion, the oracle set him on the course of his life that would fulfill the prophecy. When he learnt that he shall commit murder of his father and incest on is mother, Oedipus was still under the impression that Polybus and Dorian were his parents. To avoid any such possibility in his life, Oedipus decided to leave Corinth and that journey (prompted wholly by the prophecy) actually set him on the path to his destiny – A self fulfilling prophecy. These two are the most important manifestations of freewill trying to rebel against a rarely revealed future events of fate. When it is prophesied that certain events of great magnitude or villainous impact are about to happen in the future, it is the absolute nature of the freewill to try and avoid it. Arguments suggesting that Sophocles does not support the supremacy of Fate over Free will Eminent scholar E. R. Dodds in his â€Å"misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex† criticizes the most significant ways of understanding Oedipus Rex. His most important grouse is that the scholars and students alike fall prey to viewing Sophocles’ work through the prisms of philosophical thought processes which were non-existent during Sophocles’ time. Besides, the student community that studies Oedipus Rex tries to ascribe motive where none might have been intended. Point wise rebuttal to Dodds’s arguments Dodds. In his scholarly analysis of the popular misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex puts forth the following points in defense of his arguments. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be a villainous person being punished by Gods for his evil thoughts and actions. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be the prototype Greek tragic hero, whose one tragic flaw creates all the tragic consequences in the drama. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to state that there is no scope for free will and that the Fate reigns supreme. The first point of the argument is valid as Sophocles designs the character of Oedipus as heroic and it is prominently mentioned in most conversations of the stand alone characters and the chorus. His valor, his compassion and his ability to seek truth even if it be detrimental to his own self are heroic characteristics designed to evoke a mixture of admiration for his strength of character and sympathy for the travails he undergoes. The chorus sing the virtues of the king in unequivocal terms and all the incidents that lead to the story of Oedipus Rex establish his character as admirable, if not entirely beyond reproach. (his suspicion of his brother-in-law might be a lapse, but not a flaw of character) â€Å"Upraise, O chief of men, upraise our State! Look to thy laurels! for thy zeal of yore Our countrys savior thou art justly hailed:†(lines 53-55) Tragic Flaw While trying to relieve Oedipus of the tragic flaw, Dodds tries to reason that the concept of hamartia led by hubris is not evident in the Sophoclean hero. It can be argued that â€Å"Poetics† of Aristotle was a guiding light to playwrights and was a great contributor in shaping Greek literature. But it was within the capacity of the playwrights, creative geniuses all, to reinterpret the laws or rules of Poetics to further their own literary achievements. Even while adding his own interpretation to the concept of tragic flaw, Sophocles remains loyal to the concept per se. The tragic flaw of Oedipus might have been the fact that even when he was forewarned of a future in which his life shall harbor aberrations that the natural universe abhors, he had the courage to try and avoid it. A lesser man would have hid behind the inevitability of Fate or made such drastic changes to his won character as to avoid any such possibility. As Dodds suggests, some of the readers of Oedipus wonder why Oedipus did not give up fighting (even in self defense) against people older than him or in engaging in physical relationship with women older than him. Dodds answers saying that we are not to question what is not in the play. In fact, this might be the tragic flaw of the protagonist. Even after he is warned of the possibility of patricide and incest, Oedipus does not leave behind his virtuous qualities of valor (which leads him to kill Laius) and compassion (which leads him to free Crete from the songstress and take Jocasta as his wife). His sense of righteousness makes him leave Corinth to avoid patricide and incest as he believes Polybus and Dorian to be his parents. This flight is in the strongly held belief that he detests the unnatural acts of patricide and incest and it is within his capacity to avoid them by charting his own course and at the same time retaining his primary character traits of compassion and courage in the face of adversity. Dodds stresses his argument that Sophocles does not intend to make any statement on the finality of Fate and he bases it on two points. †¢ Sophocles is not the victim of any knowledge of determinism which was a later stage philosophical development largely credited to the Kantian determinism. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to preach the supremacy of fate because most incidents of the Play are a result of the exercise of Free will. Sophocles might not have been privy to the philosophical leanings of the determinism of the late 18th and early 19th century. But that does not exclude the gamut of his knowledge from knowing anything of that. In fact philosophical treatises have been, for the most part, clarified pronunciations of the existing thought derived through scientific observation. Determinism as a clear treatise might not have been available to the Greek playwrights but the concepts of a superior design to life which has the power to supersede human interventions has always caught the fascination of creative contributors as evidenced from the earliest forms of literature. The French concept of Poetic justice or the Christian concepts of adequate justice have been used in works earlier than these periods but they have been recognized and grouped only in the last four to five centuries. It is not that the critics are viewing the older works through newer prisms but the scholars are able to identify the evidence of such concepts even in earlier works. This is intellectually honest analysis and it is hard to understand why Dodd argues them to be invalid. For instance, if Pasteur discovered germ theory of disease in the early part of the 19th century, why is it not valid to find that similar germs or micro-organisms were cited in the out break of any contagious disease in the previous centuries. The scientists and philosophers in both cases have only discovered what was either already existent or known in some different form. Therefore, it seems invalid to argue that Sophocles might not have had the supremacy of Fate or determinism in mind when he crafted the symmetrical cycle of events in Oedipus Rex. Dodds says that Oedipus Rex is a manifestation of Free will. In his own words, â€Å"Oedipus might have left the plague to take its course; but pity for the sufferings of his people compelled him to consult Delphi. When Apollos word came back, he might still have left the murder of Laius uninvestigated; but piety and justice required him to act. He need not have forced the truth from the reluctant Theban herdsman; but because he cannot rest content with a lie, he must tear away the last veil from the illusion in which he has lived so long. Teiresias, Jocasta, the herdsman, each in turn tries to stop him, but in vain: he must read the last riddle, the riddle of his own life. The immediate cause of Oedipuss ruin is not Fate or the gods—no oracle said that he must discover the truth—and still less does it lie in his own weakness; what causes his ruin is his own strength and courage, his loyalty to Thebes, and his loyalty to the truth. In all this we are to see him as a free agent: hence the suppression of the hereditary curse. And his self-mutilation and self ¬-banishment are equally free acts of choice. †(Dodds 1985, p71) But these are not manifestations of free will but the struggle of free will against an all powerful fate. All the attempts made by the wise and virtuous Oedipus to avoid the aberrations of nature at his won hand are defeated partly by design and partly by curious coincidences. Conclusion Aristotle’s Poetics suggests that Greek drama is not pure entertainment. It had a communal function to contribute to the development of the community. It is easy to believe that Sophocles was a strict adherent to this principle because he won the most competitions during his lifetime compared to any of his contemporaries. His dramas were popular with both the entertainment-seeking public and the critics. Therefore it is safe to assume that Sophocles tries to establish the depravity of the acts of Patricide and incest through Oedipus. The message that resonates is that if a man of great wisdom, courage and all admirable qualities like Oedipus can fall prey to the hands of fate and commit the most heinous of acts, it is but the duty of the wider public to guard against any temptations that might make them break the natural or communal law. Besides, if Oedipus could not over come his guilt even after trying his entire life to avoid such acts and if the guilt is so all consuming that he blinds himself and seeks exile, it is better for the normal man to watch out for any of these sins. The all-consuming guilt is so over powering that no man can remain nonchalant after committing any of these crimes knowingly or unwittingly. A good moral for a drama that retains its mystique and appeal due to its craftiness and perfect symmetry in the cycle of events References Dodds. E. R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief: And Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York : Oxford University Press (Translated by Malcolm Heath). Aristotle. 1996. Poetics. London: Penguin Classics

Autism in schools, crisis or challenge

Autism in schools, crisis or challenge The following report was prepared by the National Autistic Society (England) in 2002 surveying teachers and school administrators from seven local education authorities across England, Wales and Scotland about present state of autistic children in schools. This report is a follow up to a 2000 report titled Inclusion and Autism: is it working? which was taken from the perspective of parents. The surveys completed totaled 373, which makes up 30% a response rate. This represents a total pupil population of 132,646. Teachers surveyed said that 1 in every 86 children they teach have special educational needs that are related to an autism spectrum disorder. The schools also reported that 1 in every 152 children in their schools had a formal diagnosis of an autism disorder. From the survey, it was discovered that there are three times more autistic children in primary school than in secondary school. Statement School-based Total #/10,000 Ratio stages Primary 250 712 962 125 1 in 80 Secondary 75 124 199 37 1 in 268 Whether or not the underlying rate is increasing, there are more children with autism spectrum disorders in English and Welsh schools than ever previously reported. Continuing to place children with Autism in mainstream classrooms without adequate support places unfair pressure on teachers. For the child in question, it will lead to integration with social inclusion or educational progress at best, and destructive behavior and exclusion from school in the worst cases. Educating children with autism spectrum disorder is a huge challenge requiring high levels of skills, expertise and support. While all pupils with autism have individual needs and requirements, certain key issues must be addressed for successful education provision across the spectrum. The key areas include: gaining attention and motivating pupils; promoting social communication and social interaction; structured teaching and behavior management. This places a burden of responsibility on all teachers of pupils with autism, whether in a mainstream or special school setting. Current teaching methods employed for the majority of pupils may be entirely inappropriate for children with autism. Similarly, successful education of autistic children all almost invariably require input from a variety of specialist professionals, including educational psychologists, speech and language therapists and occupational therapists. For the vast majority of children with autism, exclusion represents a failure on the part of the educational setting to provide appropriate support and training to manage their behavior effectively. Frustration can easily be engaged in children with autism by a lack of awareness and understanding on the part of teaching and support staff. In addition, the challenge is magnified many times over in a mainstream environment, where teachers and pupils who may have no experience or understanding of autism need training and support to make inclusion work. So, the question is: Is inclusion working? 65% of the teachers surveyed felt that inclusion is working. There is strong support for the policy of inclusion but the need for training is a major concern in making it work in practice. Inclusion describes an entitlement to education and support for children and adults with disabilities within the mainstream of provision. However, for children with autism, it is vital that inclusion is not viewed as an issue solely for mainstream schools. Despite the governments welcome policy direction towards facilitating mainstream inclusion where this meets the needs of a child, there will undoubtedly always be some children with autism whose individual circumstances require special provision. All children with autism need to be included within the curriculum and the life of the classroom, regardless of their type of educational provision. It remains the case that whatever type of educational provision is deemed to be appropriate for a child, this provision will need to adapt itself to the childs needs to ensure genuine inclusion occurs. This distinguishes inclusion from integration, which best describes the situation when a child with autism or asperger syndrome is placed in a school with no support and is expected to adapt to the curriculum and classroom environment. The teachers were also asked to rank seven measures for meeting the needs of children with autism by relative importance. 1. Promoting social interactions 70% rate high 2. Building strengths/self-esteem 62% 3. Dealing with behavioral problems 57% 4. Speech and language help 49% 5. Structuring the day 47% 6. Preventing bullying and teasing 39% 7. Helping child find the right classroom 20% Children with autism and aspergers have particular problems in communication and social interaction such that, if they are to be successfully included in all aspects of classroom life, they need additional support. Learning support assistants can play a vital role in facilitating peer relationships for children with autism, as well as helping with learning-based functions such as differentiating the curriculum. The following is a quote from a teacher Much faster diagnosis and then adequate, trained support, plus training for the teaching staff. None of this happens in any systematic way. Were all working in the dark! The findings show a majority of teachers who have received training in autism have only received between one and hour hours training. In such a short time, they are unlikely to have received sufficient training to understand crucial areas such as how children with autism learn and how to manage challenging behavior associated with autism. The results of our survey suggest that training teachers and support staff in autism awareness and educational approaches is the most urgent policy priority in the education of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Constraints to Islamic finance growth

Constraints to Islamic finance growth Contents INTRODUTION: The global financial system: Facing the challenge: Reaching critical mass: THE REGULATORY CHALLENGE: Malaysia as case of study: CONCLUSION: Reference INTRODUTION: The Islamic financial industry today is an important component of the global financial world, the total Islamic assets ballooned from US$150 billion in the 1990s to US$1 trillion in 2010.The most successful and fast developing sector of Islamic financial industry is namely –SUKUK, Islamic banking, TAKAFUL, and fund management. SUKUK market at the end of 2010 was estimated to reach US$143 billion; the Islamic banking sector worldwide is valued at US$850 billion in term of assets, while Islamic fund industry under management grew by 15% globally. The IFSB expects the value of global Islamic financial assets to reach US$1.6 trillion by 2012. Islamic finance has demonstrated its competitiveness and resilience during the global financial crisis. Today Islamic finance is in transition to the next stage of development, greater international integration and Islamic finance institution to mobilize a higher level of global cooperation will help to further propel the prospects of Islamic finance moving forward. Several countries now in the race to become Islamic finance hubs such as –London, Hong Kong and Singapore, also new market such as-Luxembourg, South Korea and Australia, in addition they aspire to become Islamic finance centers. The global financial system: Global wealth currently held by 4.4 billion people has increased 72% since 2000 to reach US$195 trillion driven by robust growth in emerging markets, many of which are comprised of large, diverse Muslim populations. Global wealth is estimated to grow 61% to US$315 trillion by 2015. On the other hand, US banking assets are valued at approximately US$13.3 Trillion at the end of 2010.while global banking assets reached US$85 Trillion by end of 2011.The value of global Islamic across all asset closes remains minuscule in comparison to that of their conventional counterpart .Total Islamic financial assets make up less than 1% of the total global financial assets. Facing the challenge: Nowadays market capitalization of Islamic banking dwindles in comparison to their conventional counterpart, the capitalization was only 4.1%, and actually Islamic banks were much less affected by the global financial crisis. The Islamic banks are facing a larger challenge as the conventional banks recapitalize and merge. Conventional banks have been able to return to profit in NO time in 2010 only, the ten top conventional banks (by –Pre-crisis market capitalization) net profit increase by 139% year on year. Meanwhile the Islamic banks suffered 55% decline in net profit during the same period. Reaching critical mass: Islamic finance needs to reach the critical mass and cannot be underestimated. It has been identified as the number one for Islamic finance to become truly competitive with the conventional system, ways to get this goal could include reaching out to untapped markets and audiences or build an entity can influence multiple areas of the market with expertise and capital. Large –scale institutions which will have all the capabilities to penetrate the various segmented markets with expertise and knowledge while providing Shariah- compliant financial solutions. Another often mentioned challenge in the Islamic finance industry is the issue of liquidity. The Islamic finance markets currently lack the liquidity , but in the last ten years Islamic financial institutions (IFI) developed rapidly to meet the demand from both retail and corporate entities, and IFIs still face the challenge of a lack of instruments to manage liquidity as a result product being short -term given under the current constraints. But the large Islamic finance institutions can enhance market liquidity and hence offer product pricing by integrating their global and regional market operations. Also Islamic finance needs to meet the human capital requirement. Many Islamic banks still have limited capabilities and expertise to consistently create, therefore increase with development of Islamic financial product and services need for high skilled staff. Further areas of focus in capacity building and talent development include: The need for practitioners and stakeholders to be highly qualified. The need for specialized training and educational institutions. The development and adoption of industry best practices. The collaboration and exchange of knowledge across jurisdictions and supplementary research into and development of key specialized areas. Second area for reaching critical mass is Islamic microfinance, currently there are more than 200 Islamic microfinance institutions around the world, the main countries are Indonesia, Bangladesh and Afghanistan; but Islamic microfinance is still in its nascent stage. A 2007 global survey on Islamic microfinance undertaken by the (GAP) group to assist the poor shows that only 350.0000 customers and accounts for only around 0.005% of total microfinance outreach. Although 2010 estimates now put this figure at 0.05%, the slow growth in Islamic microfinance is due mainly to the fact that the facilities were usually provided by specialized institutions such as non-government organization (NGOs) and not by Islamic banks. Islamic microfinance should be integrated into countries mainstream banking and financial system, this will help to: Create greater awareness of product. Encourage product innovation Improve access to microfinance. Widen and strengthen the distribution channels. Standardize regulation and improve transparency. THE REGULATORY CHALLENGE: Global financial sector lost almost US$ 1.8 trillion as a result of the financial crisis and a big part of the recent financial crisis can be blamed on regulatory failure .The absence of rules during the global depression resulted in many economists to reconsider their views on the model based on market in economic theory and is continuous in current communities in conventional banking. Many governments all over the world have introduced financial and economic reforms as a kind of government intervention to produce well- regulated financial systems, Malaysia as case of study: Malaysia was resilient against the global financial crisis due to strong fundamentals and inherently sound financial regulatory framework. Islamic banking in the country was well protected from the effects of the crisis because of the Islamic financial institution strict commitment to Islamic principles, which prevents high level of benefit speculative activities. The regulatory authorities have introduced a comprehensive regulatory and supervisory framework for Malaysia’s dual financial system. Stronger standards have been set for corporate transparency governance, accountability, disclosure, risk management, customer protection, and market discipline. Below are some of the introduced internal regulations: 1- Corporate Governance Guidelines 2-Rate of Return Framework 3-Guidelines on Financial Disclosure 4_Sharia Committee Guidelines 5-Islamic Money Market Guidelines 6-Capital Adequacy Standards 7-Musharakah and Mudarabah 8-Firewalls for Islamic Window Operations. Generally, these initiative and regulation have the following effects on the Malaysian Islamic financial system: System, maintain the confidence of the public with IFIs as the custodians of public funds. Strengthen a competitive financial system which offers efficient and reliable services. Ensure the health of each IFI for development Prevent the risk of a contagion and methodology failure of the financial system Promote good market practices and high standards of corporate governance Protect customer and shareholders interest. CONCLUSION: There are some elements that are likely to comprise the growth of Islamic finance as below: The present Islamic banking is based on reproduction of conventional banking products, this is lacking to achieve the overall aims of Islamic finance system which is based on impartial distribution of economic advantages and makes Islamic finance less effective than their conventional counterparts. Not all the conventional products have an Islamic finance identical treasury and liquidity management tools. Islamic finance needs changes in the legal regulatory and tax environment to absorb finance without incurring additional cost to the customers. The different interpretations of sharia provisions have resulted in the absence of unification; common understanding is required to merge local market with the global market. Shortage of necessary tools to manage liquidity Expertise and human resource in Islamic finance are rare. For Islamic finance to get good stage of growth should be extended to reach critical mass, chances to get there include: 1-Large scale institutions have the possibility and capability to penetrate the different fragmented markets with experts while providing sharia compatible with financial solutions. 2-Microfinance has ability to find opportunities for the untapped SME market of the emerging economies and to capture interest in Islamic microfinance. 3-Sound regulation, to make sure that Islamic finance has a decent opportunity of growth and development while expending to critical mass. Some of the remaining challenges to be overcome include the development of human capital. Reference www.dawn.com/news/641420/comment-and-analysis-growth-constraints-in-islamic-financial-sector IFSB 4th public lecture on financial policy and stability, lecture by Baljeet Kaur Grewal- Amman- Jordan -2011 1

Paintings in Rome :: Essays Papers

Paintings in Rome In 211 BC the great general M. Claudius Marcellus returned to Rome after his decisive defeat of Syracuse. With him came a vast booty of Hellenistic artifacts. Remaining outside the sacred precincts of Rome, he supplicated the Senate for the purification and glory of a triumphal procession, realizing that they would both make a visual impression in his triumph and also be an ornament for the city." He opened his triumph impressively with an allegorical painting of Syracuse made prisoner. Paintings carried in triumphal processions, specifically commissioned to commemorate victorious military campaigns, not only added immensely to the celebratory nature of the rite, they also increased its sociopolitical power. Roman triumphal painting also served to acquaint Romans with novel artistic conventions, previously foreign to their experience. Although none of the paintings commissioned by victorious Roman generals to decorate their triumphal processions survives, the testimonial provide crucial alternate evidence to determine their role in shaping Roman political and artistic culture in the Republican period. During the Republic, Roman paintings with historical themes commemorated the empire's expansion: for example, the conquests of Carthage in 201 BC, Sardinia in 174 BC, and Macedonian in 168 BC Subjects included, at one end of the spectrum, pared-down iconic personifications and, at the other end, full-fledged battle scenes in landscape settings. Roman historical paintings not only secured the private memories of participants in actual events; they also served a didactic and propagandistic function in the public sphere of Roman political and religious institutions. The Roman governing class commissioned historical paintings to inform a specifically Roman audience of its achievements, to educate that audience about its policies, and thus to persuade that audience to adopt its views and follow a particular course of action. It used historical paintings to implement ideology. Ancient Rome inherited arguments, already old, for the superiority of painting over any other form of communicatio n to affect and manipulate an audience. Further, Romans embraced the idea that historical painting was at its most effective when it became the embodiment of what it represented, or, to use the terms preferred by Freedberg, when the sign becomes the living embodiment of what it signifies. (Ancient authors, for example, relish anecdotes describing portraits that profoundly affected spectators long after the death of their subjects.) Toward that end, Roman patrons became increasingly sophisticated about representational strategies and throughout the course of the Republic procured the most commanding examples possible.

Teaching Young Students Essay -- Education, Language, Music

Preschool, kindergarten, and first grade are essential years in children’s life for learning how to read and understanding the basic fundamentals of language arts. Some of these concepts include letter recognition, sight word recognition, capitalization, punctuation, and reading fluency. Everything that children learn during these important years will follow them the rest of their lives. Reading and writing must start with the very basics of letter identification and then progress to writing and reading words and sentences. It is important for children to have a positive learning experience because reading is a very important skill that will continually be needed in everyday life. Whole language and balanced literacy are two commonly used methods for teaching language arts to beginning students. There are many activities used to teach young children how to read and write including the use of music in the classroom, sight words, games, and worksheets. There are two main approaches to teaching reading to young students. One common approach is whole language. Kate Walsh states that whole language â€Å"emphasizes connecting children with meaningful text as the preferred path to developing fluent readers† (10). In whole language, using the context of the sentence to figure out a word is essential. Walsh further explains the importance of context cluing in whole language by describing it as â€Å"having children identify new words by discerning their meaning in the context of the text† (10). Another approach to teaching reading is balanced literacy which, unlike whole language, â€Å"fuses the literature-based approach with some phonological instruction but only on an â€Å"as needed† basis† (Walsh, Glaser, Dunne 10). Mixing these two conc... ... the student must understand the difference between an uppercase and lowercase letter and when to use them in different situations. Independent exercises are important in the learning process for children because it makes them feel like they have accomplished something on their own, and they show what the child truly knows. There are many different approaches to teaching language arts to young learners. It is important to understand that every classroom and every child is different. Different activities and methods should be used with different children and different situations. Learning the basics of language arts will follow with children throughout their years of schooling and throughout their life. Learning how to read and write for a young student should be a positive and fun experience. Through different methods, many teachers have made learning fun!

Telecommunication Industry Analysis

The domestic telecommunication industry offers a broad range of services through four primary product segments: radio, television, voice communications, and broadband services, the two largest being voice communications and broadband services (Industry). These services are offered to businesses and personal consumers, and are the industry’s primary user segments. Companies in the telecommunication industry are the primary means by which communication is provided, whether it is by telephone, Internet, or television. Using transmissions of signals over networks of radio towers, data is transferred to customers using devices, such as a phone (Telecommunications). Determining which segment to market to and who drives the market is integral for companies in the telecommunication industry to understand. User Segments The telecommunication industry markets to two segments: business and personal consumers. The business segment utilizes the services of the telecom industry for better communication, higher efficiency, and better distribution of data (Telecommunications and Business). As businesses require communication devices for email, phone, teleconferencing, and data transferring, companies are marketing to businesses offering the most advanced and efficient products. Businesses also allow for a larger budget for spending, and consequently telecommunication companies are refining their product to fit their needs on a larger scale. AT&T and Verizon Communications are the leading providers in the business segment, offering services such as videoconferencing, networking, Internet, and voice communications. Personal consumers are the other segment the telecommunication industry markets to. With over 290 million subscribers in the United States (U.S.), companies in the telecommunication industry are on a very competitive playing field. AT&T and Verizion, again the leading providers in the personal consumer segment, spend a large amount each year on advertising trying to reach their markets (The Account). Consumers want products with the most speed and reliability, which forces companies to update constantly. With new products and features coming out regularly, it is imperative these companies stay current with the latest technology. Product Segments The two product segments that define the telecommunication industry are voice communications and broadband services. Voice communications entail phone services such as phone calls and voice messaging. Businesses and personal users rely heavily on this service, as people are requiring reliable and efficient phone service in their everyday lives. Features play an integral role in defining the product, so companies must have feedback from consumers to know how to improve their product (Cell Phone). Broadband services offer Internet access to its users. This technology is improving constantly, becoming faster and more efficient. Integrating into phones, television, and DSL, broadband services are becoming increasingly important to having a reliable product and reaching customers (Industry). Over the past decade, Internet subscribers have doubled, reaching over 266 million customers (World), which shows the prevalence of broadband services in the United States. As many of the telecommunication companies have merged in recent years, they are able to offer a larger product as well as â€Å"bundled media packages†, which brings in new revenue sources and opportunities for growth (Industry). In the telecommunication industry, the consumer is driving the market. As technology is advancing and more features are becoming available, companies must customize their products to fit the consumers’ needs. Many consumers require different features and options, which require the companies to stay current with recent trends. Customer service has also played a large role in the satisfaction of customers, and the companies take a lot of feedback to improve their products (Industry). Trends in the Telecommunication Industry As the telecommunication industry evolves, so do the trends that drive it. Demographics have become less important, although age and occupation does play a major role (Market). Teens are becoming a target for companies, as well as business professionals (Teens). Consumer trends are driving adoption of phones in the market, as social networking, jobs, and personal use are becoming parts of everyday life (Consumer). Technological advancements are playing a major role in the development of the telecommunication industry. Products are becoming faster, cheaper, and of higher quality, as well as including features and applications for consumers so they can communicate and work more efficiently (Top). Competitors One of the top competitors in the telecommunications industry is AT&T. With over $124 billion in total revenue (T), AT&T is one of the largest providers of telecommunication services in the United States. Their main products are for businesses as well as the consumer, including wireless, broadband, phone, and data solution services. AT&T’s strategy involves working with its suppliers and customers to improve their efficiencies and form a positive, long-lasting relationship with them. They improve their company by becoming more sustainable, in hopes of promoting a positive impact on the communities it serves (AT&T Corporate). Verizon Communications is also a leading competitor in the telecommunications industry. With $106.5 billion in total revenue last year (VZ), Verizon is another leading provider of telecommunication services in the United States. Verizon offers products similar to AT&T, which enables them to compete closely with AT&T. Their basic strategy involves being proactive in improving their services to satisfy customers. Verizon continually adapts to new technology and brings innovation to all its products. Their goal is to improve the quality of life for its customers by offering innovative products (Verizon). Sprint Nextel Communications, totaling $32 billion in total revenue in 2010 (S), is a smaller competitor but is still among the top companies in the domestic telecommunication industry. Sprint offers phones for business and personal use, as well as business solutions to help the company operate its communications with more ease. Part of their strategy is to foster and develop relationships with organizations to form alliances and deliver integrated products and services. Sprint is also involved in becoming more responsible, in regards to its products, the environment, and its customers (About).

Critically Compare and Contrast Community Psychology and Public Health Approaches to Social Problems

In this essay, I willing critically differentiate and contrast smart set psychology and populace headness approaches to social chores. I will do this by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both(prenominal) approaches, as well as similarities surrounded by these approaches. To comp be these two concepts, one should low have a basic brain of the origins and historical development of lodge psychology and overt health. correspond to the American inheritance Medical dictionary (www. ahdictionary. om) company psychological science is the finish of psychology to community programs for the measure of psychic health disorders and the promotion of psychological health. residential area psychology has its roots in the psychological health crystallise movements in the USA, according to Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811 (2013). The three most important reform movements were the moral treatment (early 1800s), the mental hygiene (early 1900s) and deinstitutionalisati on (1960s) (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811).Each of these movements was think to view and treat mental malady as a social problem rather than an one-on-one problem. It was besides a move towards saloon rather than retrieve concerning mental illness. (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811) check to Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811 (2013) in that respect are two major exemplars of community psychology the Mental Health mildew and the Social action model. The location of mental illness, according to the Mental Health model, is at the method of interaction between one-on-one and environmental factors.The Social Action model places the location of mental illness within oppressive and exploitative social and economic structures (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811, 2013) usual health, kindred community psychology, foc social functions on prevention of disease. It is delineate as the science and practice of defend and improving the health of a community as b y preventative practice of medicine health education control of catching diseases application of sanitary measures and monitoring of environmental hazards by the American Heritage mental lexicon www. ahdictionary. com) Like community psychology, public health in like manner centeringes less on the person and more on the public and society in general. unrestricted health concerns itself with the prevention of lifestyle diseases, such as join problems, as well as diseases of which the detail can be reduced if the public is educated about it, such as HIV/AIDS and cholera (Tut 102 for PYC4811). unrestricted health, as practised in southward Africa and most industrialized countries, is based on the biomedical/western model of illness.According to this model, the reason for disease and distress (and, in that respectfore, mental illness) is because of lesions within the body or mind. These lesions are caused by an interaction between a. ) The characteristics of the soul (such a s age, educational level, nutritional status, etc), b. ) Disease-causing agents (such as germs, viruses, alcohol, etc) and c. ) External environmental and social issues (such as poverty, war, pollution, etc). (Tutorial letter 102/0/2013for Pyc4811, 2013). According to Marc Zimmerman (http//www. answers. om), there are many similarities between the biotic community Health and Public Health fields, such as their methods, topics, theories and values. Both fields use methods such as advocacy, community organizing, form _or_ system of government influence, and dissemination (Zimmerman, http//www. answers. com). They also both devote theories and conceptual models, such as dominance theory, social change theories and ecological theory. fellowship psychological science concerns itself with cultural issues and differences through the application of theory, research and intervention programs.This is similar to Public Health approaches because these programs are designed to tint the val ues, norms, and beliefs of the community or public, whether the focus is on ethnic, behavioural, gender, or cultural differences. Both Community psychological science and Public Health interpret social relationships and involve the community. Both also consider the external factors when looking at the individuals problems, so as not to solely blame the individual for the problem, and will advocate social rather than individual change. (Perkins, 2011)There are, however, key aspects in which the two approaches differ. While Community Psychology concerns itself more with mental health issues and behavioural aspects of health (such as promiscuity, drug use, etc) , Public Health seems to focus more on traditional health issues, such as communicable diseases (like HIV/AIDS, T. B, etc). The two approaches also differ in the sense that Community Psychology focuses on theory and social research, while Public Health has a more practise-orientated approach to social problems. Zimmerman, http/ /www. answers. com) To conclude, I would not say that these differences are irreconcilable, as the two approaches have more in common than they differ. When dealing with the mental health of the community, I believe that it would be profitable to apply both Community Psychology AND Public Health approaches. Because both approaches focus on prevention and empowerment, as well as community involvement, they can perpetrate each others inadequate comings by using the same principles.